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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade
PIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y OperacinPIQUES y CHIMENEAS:Diseo, Construccin y Operacin
Ph. D., P. Eng. TADEUSZ S. [email protected] INTERCADE
Junio 2008
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4. CHIMENEASRAISES
4. CHIMENEAS
RAISES
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MINING APPLICATIONS OF RAISESMINING APPLICATIONS OF RAISES
Transfer of material.
Orepasses piques de traspaso. Ventilation.
Personel access.
Ore production.
Slot raises and the like.
Multitude of civil applications.
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CONVENTIONAL RAISINGCONVENTIONAL RAISING
Drill- blast vent scaling - rock support
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FEATURESFEATURES
Done in fairly competent rocks only.
No large water inflow or extensive rock fracturing.
Raising is independent of production.
No interference between the two.
No loading into buckets, no water pumping, greater
effectiveness of blasting.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade
Raising with temporary
lining & delayed
permanent lining
1. Chute compartment.2. Ladder compartment.
3. Bucket compartment.
4. Muck storage.
5. Loading station.
6. Protective rock pillar.7. Ventilation conduit.
Small diameter
raise, D < 4 m
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade
Raising with short cuts and
permanent lining
1. Loading station.
2. Protective rock pillar.
3. Muck storage.
4. Bucket compartment.
5. Ladder compartment.
6. Tubing compartment.7. Ventilation drillhole.
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PROBLEMS?PROBLEMS?
Laddeer climbing is an inconvenience.
Unique hazards.
Rock falling from the face.
Muck jamming in the chute compartment.
Time and cost involved in preparation.
Surveying is difficult.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade
COMPARTMENTSCOMPARTMENTS
Chute compartment.
Solid construction, strong lining.Rebound niches every 30 to 50 m.
Filled with rock; only excess muck removed.
Hoist compartment.
For supplies.
Ladder compartment.
Each platform supported in rock.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade
RAISING METHODSRAISING METHODS
Small diameter ( < 4 m) competent rock.
Medium diameter, medium strength rock.
Short cuts with immediate erection of permanent
lining. Large diameter shafts (> 4 m) high to medium strength
rock.
Raise @ reduced diamer up, widen downwards to
required size.
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Ph. D. Eng. TADEUSZ S. GOLOSINSKI - [email protected] - Consultor Intercade
RISE CLIMBERSRISE CLIMBERS
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PRINCIPLEPRINCIPLE
The machine runs on a guide rail (pin rack).
Segmented guide rail bolted to the sidewall with rockbolts.
Platform good for areas up to 8 m2.
High cost, thus preference for long raises.Or if raise used as a part of a mining method.
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57 In this part, raise climber means mechanically operated that
is:
(a) Suspended from a track;
(b) Powered by air motors or electric; and
(c) Used in a raise:
(i) To transport workers and materials or
(ii) as a temporary staging from which workers may performmining procedures.
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FEATURESFEATURES
Very long raises.
Vertical or inclined.Curved or straight.
Platform easily adjusted for height
and angle.
All equipment lifted by a raise climber.
People protected when travelling.
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FEATURESFEATURES
Short mobilization times.
Minimal preparation time.
No restriction on raise angles. No restriction on raise sizes.
No excessive power demands.
Ideal in any ground conditionsor rock types.
No requirement for reinforced concrete
foundations. No second entry cost to install ground support or rehabilitation.
Significantly reduced underground excavation costs.
No expensive and time consuming directional drilling required.
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ALIMAK RAISINGALIMAK RAISING
Ventilation raises.
Stope slot raises.
Ore and waste pass systems.
Raise bore rehabilitation.
Ventilation shafts. Manway raises.
Emergency ladder way installations.
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OTHER TASKSOTHER TASKS MINE DEVELOPMENT
- Decline and level development
- Mechanised stoping.
-Airleg and hand held mining.
- Diamond drilling.
- Shotcreting services.
ALIMAK STOPING METHOD
- Mechanised narrow vein Alimak long holestoping.
- Mechanised bulk Alimak long hole stoping.
SHAFT SINKING- Shaft sinking and equipping.
-Alimak pilot raising and strip to size.
- Shaft rehabilitation.
- Exploration bulk sample shafts.
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SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (WA)SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (WA)
The Alimak Raise Climber should not be used in ground conditions such
that climbing rack anchorage may be suspect. As for cage (gig) rising, the
Alimak method should not be used in other than good ground conditions,
where the risk of rockfall from the face during travel to the face, (afterblasting and clearance with an air/water blast), is reduced to the lowest
practicable levels.
A high standard of drilling and blasting practice is required to ensure a
clean face after blasting. The muck pile should be inspected after each blastto assess whether the full round has been pulled.
The risk of injury from falling rock to persons travelling to the face after
each blastincreases with the cross-section of the rise, for any given set of ground
conditions. It is essential to ensure that adequate strength and penetration
resistance is built into the decking above the travel cage, to provide
protection against any rocks which may fall during travel to the face.
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MORE ON SAFETY (WA)MORE ON SAFETY (WA)
The cross-section should be kept down to the least practicable, and if a
large opening is required, the rise can be str ipped after completion and
securely supported by working down from the top access.
Cage raising involves a higher level of risk than the Alimak raise climber
method. One aspect of this is that overhead protection for the miner when
travelling to the face is less robust than that afforded by the Alimak
climber.
Moreover, particularly in raises of large cross-section, there is a
significant risk of the rope breaking if the cage (gig) is struck by a rock
falling from the face or sidewalls above due to the "shock" or " impact"
load which may suddenly be applied to the rope. Cage rise diameter must
be kept to the minimum practicable, to reduce the potential for rock fall,
and the method used only in good ground condit ions.
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DATA, FEATURESDATA, FEATURES
Worldwide more than 2,300 Alimak raise climbers have
been distributed.
Used to drive more shafts and raises than any other
system.
The longest Alimak raise developed to date is more than
1000 m in length.
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2m x 2m x 40m long - Alimak slot raise
Alimak pilot raise strip and support to
5 metre diameter
Mt Isa Mine used a fleet of 7
climbers during the early major
expansion which included a 360m
long ventilation pilot raise to
surface.
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RAISEBORINGRAISEBORING
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RAISEBORINGRAISEBORING
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ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES
Safety
No people in the raise during excavation.
Speed of raise excavation.
Rates in the order of 50 m / week.
Mine planning (next dia): faster development. More stable rock.
No blasting.
Mechanization: less manpower.
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DISADVANTAGES?DISADVANTAGES?Increased risk of exposed rock instability
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OTHER RAISEBORING METHODSOTHER RAISEBORING METHODS
Down reaming.
Blind shaft boring.
Pilot up, ream down.
Pilot down, ream down.
Boxhole boring.
.
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Do
wnwa
rdsbo
ring
Downwa
rdsbo
ring
Mud rushes at the
bottom of the hole
Rock cuttings
flushed down
Risk of blocking the
pilot hole with drill ings
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B h l B iB h l B i
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Boxhole Boring
Limited or no access to upperlevel
Boxhole Boring
Limited or no access to upperlevel
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gg
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Upwards(B
oxhole)bo
ring
Upwa
rds(B
oxho
le)bo
ring
Popular whereno access to
upper level
availableOften used for
raises of 30 to90 m high,
max 200m
Cuttings fall down;
directed into muckcars
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BorPak
Assembly
BorPak
Assembly
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CONVENTIONAL RAISEBORINGCONVENTIONAL RAISEBORING
Reaming head size from
1.2 m to 7.1 m in
diameter.
The max loading capacityof drillstring limits the dia
and depth of shaft.
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PILOT HOLE DRILLINGPILOT HOLE DRILLING
Tri-cone rotary bit is common.
Diameters vary from 9 to 15 (381 mm).
15 (381 mm) bit used on long holes.
With 12-3/7(327 mm) integral drillsteel string and 10-
1/8 tool joints.
for more see below.
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Hooking up
the reamer
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7.1 M Diameter Reamer Head
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S O G G O S
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RAISEBORING UNDERGROUND SITERAISEBORING UNDERGROUND SITE
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EQUIPMENT POSITIONINGEQUIPMENT POSITIONING
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EQUIPMENT POSITIONINGEQUIPMENT POSITIONING
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CONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGCONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING
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CONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGCONVENTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING
Normally a tri-cone bit.
Hole diameter up to 15 (381 mm).With 12-7/8 drill steel (327 mm).
Drilling fluid used for hole flushing.Normal circulation.
Drillings settled out and the fluid reused.
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DIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGDIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING
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DIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLINGDIRECTIONAL PILOT HOLE DRILLING
Used in applications where high degree of accuracy
is needed.
Best accuracies are in the 0.036% range.
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CONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONCONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATION
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CONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONCONTROL OF PILOT HOLE DEVIATION
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PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONPILOT HOLE DEVIATION
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PILOT HOLE DEVIATIONPILOT HOLE DEVIATION
Influenced by factors as listed above.
The measure: Build-up rate.
Degrees of deflection per 100 m of hole length.
Often 0.25 deg per 100 m.
Deviation becomes exponential with depth.
Often evidenced by vibrations of the drill string.
Can be measured by survey tools.
Inclination down to 0.05 degrees.
0.5 degrees in azimuth.
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DEVIATION CONTROLDEVIATION CONTROL
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DEVIATION CONTROLDEVIATION CONTROL
(Some) deviation always occur:
For high accuracy holes frequent survey is needed:
each 10 m?
What deviation is acceptable?
In some applications 1% is ok; this is relatively easy
to control.
In long raises / shafts the limit can be 0.05%
How to control it?
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MORE DEVIATION CONTROLMORE DEVIATION CONTROL
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MORE DEVIATION CONTROLMORE DEVIATION CONTROL
Ensure good bailing action
Manipulate rotational speed and bit force.
Use highest rotational speed consistent with smoothdrilling.
Penetration rate is the function of the speed and force;one compensates for the other.
Limit the rate of penetration.
Slow the speed, lower the force; max 50 mm perminute?
Important when vibrations indicate changing strata.
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MEASURING DEFLECTIONMEASURING DEFLECTION
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MEASURING DEFLECTIONMEASURING DEFLECTION
Frequent checks may be needed
As often as each 10 m of hole advance?
This slows the rate of drilling!
Survey tool
Connected to on-line data logger.
Descends through the swivel and gearbox via an
automatic winch.
Drill string pieces adjacent to the bit must be non
magnetic.
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DEFLECTION CORRECTIONDEFLECTION CORRECTION
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DEFLECTION CORRECTIONDEFLECTION CORRECTION
Navigational drilling
equipment
Deflection corrected by use ofa special head that can drill in
any direction.
Head rotation propelled by
high density drilling mud;string stays stationary.
To install/remove the head (to
rectify the deflection) the drill
rods need to be removed from
the hole.
Sophisticated equipment and expertise needed: time delays facedSophisticated equipment and expertise needed: time delays faced
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An Example
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INCLINED HOLESINCLINED HOLES
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INCLINED HOLESINCLINED HOLES
Correction may be corrected by:
Varying the bit force.
Changing the position and number of stabilizers.
Increasing the bit force causes the bit to move upwards.
Decreasing the bit force causes allows the bit to drop.
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ROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEMROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEM
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ROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEMROTARY VERTICAL DRILLING SYSTEM
Self-steering directional drill
Two sensors measure holeinclination.
If limits of deflectionexceeded the steeringfunction is initiated.
Stabilizer wings generateradial forces.
No need to remove drillrods.
Accuracy down to 0.04%
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SELF-STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILLSELF-STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILL
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SELF STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILLSELF STEERING DIRECTIONAL DRILL
Dump Sub Power Unit(Rotor and Stator
Transmision
Unit
Bearing Section
Assembly
Tubular Housings
And Stabilizer
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McCracken & Stacey Raisebore Risk
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SOME ROCK MECHANICSSOME ROCK MECHANICS
McCracken & Stacey Raisebore Risk
Assessment Method
McCracken and Stacey published the method in 1989 and it was successfully
applied to the planned Airshaft No.5 at Broken Hill that same year. The method
predicted severe instability i f raiseboring was attempted at the planned 6m
diameter. It indicated that some overbreak would occur even if raisebored at
1.8m diameter, a conclusion supported by an analysis using the Q-System. The
McCracken and Stacey method gained signif icant credibil ity when the predicted
overbreak occurred during reaming at 1.8m diameter, prior to enlargement to
6.7m diameter by V-mole (Bennet & de Bruin, 1993) .
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To obtain the raise drilled hole quality index, QR from Q, the
following adjustments factors, which are acumulative, must
be applied.
Wall adjustment.
Discontinuity orientation adjustment factor.
Weathering adjusment.
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61
Suggested levels of reliability; R, and probabilities of failure
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gg y; , p
P(f), that are considered acceptable for the raise wall stabilityof diferent types of excavations are presented in Table I.
These provide guidelines for other raise drill shafts.
EXCAVATION
TYPE
Service
Life
(years)
Reliability
R
(%)
Probability
of failure
P(f)
Unlined hosting shaft
Ventilation shaft
Ore Pass
Ore Pass
99
10
> 2
1
> 15
95
85
75
0,01
0,05
0,15
0,25
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SHAFT BORINGSHAFT BORING
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SHAFT BORINGSHAFT BORING
Shaft? Raise?
What is the difference?
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A travs de nuestra casa matriz en Sudfrica contamos con el equipo
Raise Borer marca Wirth modelo HG 380, capaz de excavar hasta 6,0
mts de dimetro y 1.000 metros de profundidad.
Perforaciones en descenso de pozos de drenaje o paso de servicios de
aire, agua o energa, en dimetros de 250 mm. hasta 381 mm.
Perforacin Direccional, que se aplica para asegurar la precisin de la
perforacin de tiros pilotos y excavaciones de piques o chimeneas de
gran longitud y que por diseo aceptan un mnimo de deflexin.
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L dif t i i K l S A f t t l
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Los diferentes servicios que Kala S.A. ofrece con esta tecnologa
son:
Chimeneas de ventilacin, de servicios, de traspaso de minerales o
estril de un nivel a otro, y chimeneas de acceso de personal.
Chimeneas de cara libre o slot, que participan directamente en la
lnea de produccin en mtodos como el Sub Level Stoping.
Chimeneas de relleno de caserones mineros que intervienen en
mtodos como el Cut and Fill.
Las dimensiones de estas excavaciones pueden ser de 1,0 mt. hasta
4,5 mts. de dimetro con inclinaciones de 40 a 90 y en longitudes
hasta 600 mts.
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TECNOLOGIA CON EQUIPOS BLIND HOLE
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Kala S.A. incorpor, en ao 1997, la Tecnologa Blind Hole en la industriaminera en la Divisin El Teniente de Codelco Chile, para la excavacin de
chimeneas mineras.
El mtodo consiste en la excavacin de chimeneas, en forma ascendente,perforando el tiro gua y realizando el ensanche de la chimenea al
dimetro deseado, en forma conjunta.
El equipo se instala en una galera al interior de una mina subterrnea y la
excavacin se realiza en ascenso sin tener la necesidad de contar con un
nivel o galera superior. Esta modalidad permite el desarrollo de la galera
superior en forma anticipada.
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Estas excavaciones pueden se de 0,7 mts. hasta 1,5 mts.
d di t l it d d h t 80 t
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de dimetro con una longitud de hasta 80 mts.
Perforaciones ascendentes de pozos de drenaje o paso
de servicios de aire, agua, en dimetros de 250 a 311mm.
La excavacin de chimeneas con equipos Blind Hole se
realiza siguiendo rigurosos procedimientos de trabajo y
como la operacin de los equipos se realiza a distancia,desde un panel de control, lo transforma en un mtodo
altamente seguro, ya que el personal siempre estar fuera
de la lnea de excavacin.
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Los diferentes servicios que ofrece Kala S.A. con esta
tecnologa son:
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tecnologa son:
Excavaciones de chimeneas pilotos para zanjas utilizadas
en el mtodo Block Caving.
Excavaciones de chimeneas ascendentes para sistemas de
buzones de mineral.
Chimeneas de ventilacin, servicios o traspaso de minerales
o estril.
Chimeneas Slot o de cara libre para la explotacin mediante
el mtodo Sub Level Stoping.
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Robins 52R in El Teniente
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In relatively hard rock, the speed of the variousoperations might be as follows:
Pilot hole drilling 15 m/day.
Enlarging pilot hole to 1.8 metres 7.5 m/day. Enlarging to 6.5 metres with V-mole 6 m/day.
Assuming a 1,000-metre deep shaft and neglecting thetime to set up the V-mole, a completed shaft would take
368 days an advance rate of 2.7 m/day which is
no faster than conventional sinking.
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ADVANCESADVANCES
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In relatively hard rock, the speed of the various operations
might be as follows:
pilot hole drilling 15 m/day
enlarging pilot hole to 1.8 metres 7.5 m/day.
enlarging to 6.5 metres with V-mole 6 m/day.
Assuming a 1,000-metre deep shaft and neglecting the time
to set up the V-mole, a completed shaft would take 368 days.
an advance rate of 2.7 m/day which is no faster than
conventional sinking.
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REGULATIONSREGULATIONS
Good guideline to what to do
and how to do it
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58 (1) If reasonably practicable, an employer or contractor
must:
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(a) The top every ore pass, manway or other opnening into
which a worker colud step or fall is:
(i) Covered with a securely installed covering; or
(ii) Guarded by an adequate barrier; and
(b) The top of every raise or other opening to a level into
wich powered mobile equipment coul fall is protected bya barrier that has been designed by a professional
engineer and built to the design specifications
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59 (1) If a worker is required to pull a chute, the employer orcontractor must ensure that:
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(a) The volume of any liquid entering a mine opening usedfor the passage or ore, waste or other material by gravity isminimized to the extent that is reasonably practicable; that thegates may be locked in either the opne or closed position; and
(b)A mechanical locking device is installed on poweroperated chute gates so that the gates may be locked in
either the open or clsed position, and(c) The chute is designed so that a power failure will not
cause the chute gates open.
(2)An employer or contractor must ensure that no workerpulling a chute is postioned so that the workers safe exit isimpeded by an uncontrolled discharge of liquid or solid
material from the chute.
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(3) If a worker is required or permitted to work in a chute or at
a worksite that my be affected by the flow of material from the
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y y
chute, the meployer or contractor must ensure that:
(a) The power supply to conveyor or a gate that controls the
flow of material into the chute is disconnected locked andtagged; and
(b) Subject to subsection (4), gates in the closed position to
prevent the flow of material.
(4) If it is necessary for a woeker to work with a chute opne,
the employer or contractor must ensure that a suitablebulkhead is installed above the worker to divert or arrest the
flow of maerial.
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60(1) Subject to subsection (2), if material is hung up in a mine
opening that is used for the passage of ore, waste or other
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material by gravity, the employer or contractor must ensurethat no worker is required or permitted to enter the opening
until a competent person authorized by the employer or
contractor.
(a) Examines the stability of the hang-up;
(b) Determiner the method of safety removing the hang-up,
and(c) Supervises the removal of the hang-up.
(2)An employer or contractor may permit a worker who issupervised by the authorized person mentioned in subsection
(1) to enter a mine opening mentioned in subsection (1) for
the purpose of removing the hang-up.
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(3) Except where the track on which a raise climber operates is
being extended, the employer or contractor must ensure that
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a raise climber has a stop block installed to prevent the raiseclimber from being taken beyond the end of the track.
(4)An employer or contractor must ensure that:(a) The raise climber service area is designed and operated
to prevent workers from exiting the raise while it is below the
open raise; and
(b) an emergency procedure is developed, and the means to
carry out the procedure are available, to remove workers
safely from a raise climber that is stalled at a position otherthat at the raise climber service area.
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68(1)At the commencement of each shift, an employer or
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contractor must ensure that the brakes of a raise climber areinspected and tested by a competent worker to ensure that
the brakes are in a safe working condition.
(2) Before a raise climber is started, an employer or contractor
must ensure that a competent worker makes a complete
visual of the raise climber and the surrounding area to ensure
that no worker is endagered by the start up of the raise
climber.
(3)An employer or contractor must ensure that a raise climberis inspected weekly by competent person to indentify any
defects or unsafe conditions.
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69(1) In this section, Crtitical part means each part of a
raise climber that, if it failed, would cause the
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uncontrolled descent of the raise climber.
(2)An employer or contractor must ensure that the
crtiical parts of a raise climber are subjected to athorough inspection, including non-destructive testing,
under the supervision of a professional engineer.
(a) Before the raise clmber is first put into service;
(b) during every mayor overhaul, and
(c)At least once in every 4,000 hours of use or every 12
months, whichever occurs first.
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70An employer or contractor must:
(a) Provide a raise climber log book for each raise climber and
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ensure that the raise climber log book is kept available;
(b) Ensure that the details of each inspection required pursuant
to section 68, including any defects discovered as a result of
the raise climber log book by the person who conducted theinspection; and
(c) Countersign the entries made pursuant to clause (b) on a
regular basis.
72 If a raise climber provides the only means of exit from
worksite, the employer or contractor must ensure that noworker is required or permitted to remain in that worksite if
the climber is removed from the for any reason.
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71(1)An employer or contractor must:
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(a) Designate a worker to operate a raise climber;
(b) Ensure that the designated operator is trained in the safe
operation of the raise climber; and
(c) Ensure that no worker other that a designated operator a
raise climber.
(2)An operator of a raise climber must not operate the raise
climber unless:
(a) The operator has determined the weight of the load; and
(b) The load is less than the rated load for the operatingconditons.
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