CATEGORÍAS

GRAMATICALES

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SUSTANTIVO

DEFINICIÓN

El sustantivo es una categoría gramatical que sirve para nombrar a todo tipo de sujeto u objeto.El sustantivo es también conocido como el nombre, justamente porque su función es nombrar a distintos seres.

Ejemplos de sustantivos:persona, perro, Antonio, voluntad, bolígrafo, España, computadora.

CLASIFICACIÓN DEL SUSTANTIVO

Sustantivos propios: El sustantivo propio es aquella palabra que sirve para denominar en forma concreta a algún sujeto u objeto. Es decir, con los nombres propios nos referimos específicamente a un individuo u objeto en particular.

Ejemplos de sustantivos propios: América, José, La Cenicienta, etc.

Sustantivos comunes: El sustantivo común se utiliza para designar en forma general a toda persona, animal u objeto.Ejemplos de sustantivos comunes: niño, vaca, gato, amor, etc.Los sustantivos comunes vuelven a dividirse en:

Sustantivos abstractos: Los sustantivos abstractos están constituidos por ideas o sentimientos. Son sustantivos que no pueden percibirse por los sentidos.Ejemplos de sustantivos abstractos: odio, bondad, compasión, felicidad, alegría.

Sustantivos concretos: Los sustantivos concretos, en contraposición a los abstractos, son aquellos que sí son perceptibles por los sentidos.Ejemplos: heladera, carpeta, teclado, etc.

Sustantivos contables: Los sustantivos contables son aquellos que designan cosas que son susceptibles de enumeración. Ejemplos: tres sillas, dos mesas, cinco lápices Sustantivos no contables: Como su nombre lo indica, los sustantivos no contables son aquellos que no pueden ser enumerados. Un aspecto importante de este tipo de sustantivo es que, si bien no pueden enumerarse, sí pueden medirse.Ejemplos: agua, leche, harina.

Sustantivos individuales: Los sustantivos individuales sirven para nombrar a un ser en particular. Ejemplo: el sustantivo abeja es un individual porque se está nombrando a un tipo concreto de insecto.

Sustantivos colectivos: Los sustantivos colectivos son aquellos que se encargan de nombrar a seres que engloban a otros de un mismo tipo o clase.Continuando con el ejemplo anterior, el sustantivo para designar en forma colectiva a las abejas, se realiza utilizando el término enjambre.

Sustantivos derivados: Son aquellos que derivan de otra palabra.Ejemplo: "zapatería", término que deriva del sustantivo común zapato.

Sustantivos primitivos: Al contrario de los derivados, los sustantivos primitivos no derivan de otra palabra.Ejemplos: gato, árbol, cuadro.

NOUNS

DEFINITION

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Whatever exists, we assume, can be named, and that name is a noun. A proper noun, which names a specific person, place, or thing (Carlos, Queen Marguerite, Middle East, Jerusalem, Malaysia, Presbyterianism, God, Spanish, Buddhism, the Republican Party), is almost always capitalized.

A proper noun used as an addressed person's name is called a noun of address. Common nouns name everything else, things that usually are not capitalized.

A group of related words can act as a single noun-like entity within a sentence. A Noun Clause contains a subject and verb and can do anything that a noun can do: What he does for this town is a blessing.

A Noun Phrase, frequently a noun accompanied by modifiers, is a group of related words acting as a noun: the oil depletion allowance; the abnormal, hideously enlarged nose.

There is a separate section on word combinations that become Compound Nouns — such as daughter-in-law, half-moon, and stick-in-the-mud.

CATEGORIES OF NOUNS

Nouns can be classified further as count nouns, which name anything that can be counted (four books, two continents, a few dishes, a dozen buildings); mass nouns(or non-count nouns), which name something that can't be counted (water, air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class, committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence:

He got into trouble. (non-count)

He had many troubles. (countable)

Experience (non-count) is the best teacher.

We had many exciting experiences (countable) in college.

Whether these words are count or non-count will determine whether they can be used with articles and determiners or not. (We would not write "He got into the troubles," but we could write about "The troubles of Ireland."

Some texts will include the category of abstract nouns, by which we mean the kind of word that is not tangible, such as warmth, justice, grief, and peace. Abstract nouns are sometimes troublesome for non-native writers because they can appear with determiners or without: "Peace settled over the countryside." "The skirmish disrupted the peace that had settled over the countryside." See the section on Plurals for additional help with collective nouns, words that can be singular or plural, depending on context

FORMS OF NOUNS

Nouns can be in the subjective, possessive, and objective case. The word case defines the role of the noun in the sentence. Is it a subject, an object, or does it show possession?

The English professor [subject] is tall.He chose the English professor [object].The English professor's [possessive] car is green. 

Nouns in the subject and object role are identical in form; nouns that show the possessive, however, take a different form. Usually an apostrophe is added followed by the letter s (except for plurals, which take the plural "-s" ending first, and then add the apostrophe). See the section on Possessives for help with possessive forms. There is also a table outlining the cases of nouns and pronouns.

Almost all nouns change form when they become plural, usually with the simple addition of an -s or -es. Unfortunately, it's not always that easy, and a separate section on Plurals offers advice on the formation of plural noun forms.

LE N

OM OU

SUBSTANTIF

Le nom (appelé aussi substantif) est un mot variable en nombre, qui a en lui un genre (masculin ou féminin).Il est le plus souvent accompagné d'un déterminant et il peut avoir de nombreuses fonctions dans la phrase :

sujet L'enfant joue.

objet J 'observais l'enfant.

attribut Ce n'est encore qu'un enfant.

apposition Françoise, tout enfant, aimait déjà le chant.

complément circonstanciel J e voyagerai avec l'enfant.

complément d'un autre terme Les parents de l'enfant sont là ; ils sont fiers de leur enfant.

PRONOMBRES

DEFINICIÓNLos pronombres son palabras que usan para señalar o

hacer referencia a otros términos que ya han sido nombrados en la oración o ya comprendidos por el hablante o el oyente. Proviene del latin pronōmen, significa literalmente “en lugar del nombre” o “por el nombre”.

El Diccionario de la Real Academia lo define como la clase de palabras que hace las veces del sustantivo.La definición dada por el diccionario oficial coincide con la que se encuentra en el antiguo manual de Gramática de la lengua española(1558), el cual sostiene que, pronombre es una parte de la oración que se pone algunas veces en ella en lugar del nombre para evitar su repetición.

Los pronombres toman el género y el numero del nombre al cual sustituyen. No tiene un significado en sí mismo, ya que toman la definición y el uso del sustantivo al cual reemplazan.

Ejemplos de pronombres:

Juan regresó tarde. Por ende, él no cumplió con su palabra.

Este trabaja mucho todos los días.Aquel ha llegado temprano a la oficina.Unos cuantos iremos de vacaciones en el verano.Alguien irá a la casa de Raúl.Tú eres muy responsable con las tareas de la escuela.

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LOS PRONOMBRES

- Sustituyente de los sustantivos.- Facilitan la expresión lingüística al evitar repetir los nombres.- Concuerdan en género y número con el sustantivo al cual reemplazan.

LA FUNCIÓN DEL PRONOMBRE

La función principal del pronombre es la de sustituir al nombre o de hacer referencia a él. Ayuda a no repetir varias veces un sustantivo dentro del enunciado utilizando otros otros términos tales como él, ese, aquel, los cuales designan al nombre de diferentes maneras.

De esta forma el uso de los diferentes pronombres contribuye a evitar la repetición innecesaria de los sustantivos, ayudando también a que la lectura del enunciado sea más fluida.

TIPOS DE PRONOMBRES.

Los pronombres se clasifican en diversos tipos atendiendo a la forma en que reemplazan o se refieren al nombre. Por ejemplo, un pronombre personal, como el término lo indica, sustituye a nombres de personas (yo, tú, nosotros, etc), mientras que otros, como los pronombres indefinidos, pueden aludir a cosas o también a personas. (alguien, alguno, nadie)

Los tipos de pronombres son:Pronombres personales.Pronombres personales átonos.Pronombres personales tónicos.Pronombres demostrativos.Pronombres indefinidos.

PRONOUNS

DEFINITIONGenerally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro +

noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like

They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.

Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.

The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.

This section will list and briefly describe the several kinds of pronouns.

 

KINDS OF PRONOUNS: Personal || Demonstrative || Indefinite || Relative || Reflexive || Intensive || Interrogative || Reciprocal

PERSONAL PRONOUNSUnlike English nouns, which usually do not change form except

for the addition of an -s ending to create the plural or the apostrophe + s to create the possessive, personal pronouns (which stand for persons or things) change form according to their various uses within a sentence. Thus I is used as the subject of a sentence (I am happy.), me is used as an object in various ways (He hit me. He gave me a book. Do this for me.), and my is used as the possessive form (That's my car.) The same is true of the other personal pronouns: the singular you and he/she/it and the plural we, you, and they. These forms are called cases. An easily printable chart is available that shows the various Cases of the Personal Pronouns.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

The family of demonstratives (this/that/these/those/such) can behave either as pronouns or as determiners.

As pronouns, they identify or point to nouns.That is incredible! (referring to something you

just saw)I will never forget this. (referring to a recent

experience)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

The relative pronouns (who/whoever/which/that) relate groups of words to nouns or other pronouns (The student who studies hardest usually does the best.). The word who connects or relates the subject, student, to the verb within the dependent clause (studies).

Choosing correctly between which and that and between who and whom leads to what are probably the most Frequently Asked Questions about English grammar. For help with which/that, refer to the Notorious Confusables article on those words (including the hyperlink to Michael Quinion's article on this usage and the links to relevant quizzes).

Generally, we use "which" to introduce clauses that are parenthetical in nature (i.e., that can be removed from the sentence without changing the essential meaning of the sentence). For that reason, a "which clause" is often set off with a comma or a pair of commas. "That clauses," on the other hand, are usually deemed indispensable for the meaning of a sentence and are not set off with commas.

The pronoun which refers to things; who (and its forms) refers to people; that usually refers to things, but it can also refer to people in a general kind of way. For help with who/whom refer to the section on Consistency. We also recommend that you take the quizzes on the use of who and whom at the end of that section.

The expanded form of the relative pronouns — whoever, whomever, whatever — are known as indefinite relative pronouns. A couple of sample sentences should suffice to demonstrate why they are called "indefinite":

The coach will select whomever he pleases.

He seemed to say whatever came to mind.

Whoever crosses this line first will win the race.

What is often an indefinite relative pronoun:

She will tell you what you need to know.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNSThe indefinite pronouns:

(everybody/anybody/somebody/all/each/every/some/none/one) do not substitute for specific nouns but function themselves as nouns (Everyone is wondering if any is left.)

There are other indefinite pronouns, words that double as Determiners:

enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most, all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some

Few will be chosen; fewer will finish.

Little is expected.

See the section on Pronoun Consistency for help in determining the number (singular/plural) characteristics of these pronouns.

INTENSIVE PRONOUNSThe intensive pronouns (such as myself,

yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves) consist of a personal pronoun plus self or selves and emphasize a noun. (I myself don't know the answer.) It is possible (but rather unusual) for an intensive pronoun to precede the noun it refers to. (Myself, I don't believe a word he says.)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

The reflexive pronouns (which have the same forms as the intensive pronouns) indicate that the sentence subject also receives the action of the verb. (Students who cheat on this quiz are only hurtingthemselves. You paid yourself a million dollars? She encouraged herself to do well.) What this means is that whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a sentence there must be a person to whom that pronoun can "reflect." In other words, the sentence "Please hand that book to myself" would be incorrect because there is no "I" in that sentence for the "myself" to reflect to (and we would use "me" instead of "myself"). A sentence such as "I gave that book to myself for Christmas" might be silly, but it would be correct.

When pronouns are combined, the reflexive will take either the first person

Juanita, Carlos, and I have deceived ourselves into believing in my uncle.

or, when there is no first person, the second person:

You and Carlos have deceived yourselves.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

The interrogative pronouns (who/which/what) introduce questions. (What is that? Who will help me? Which do you prefer?) Which is generally used with more specific reference than what. If we're taking a quiz and I ask "Which questions give you the most trouble?", I am referring to specific questions on that quiz. If I ask "What questions give you most trouble"? I could be asking what kind of questions on that quiz (or what kind of question, generically, in general) gives you trouble. The interrogative pronouns also act as Determiners: It doesn't matter which beer you buy.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNSThe reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another.

They are convenient forms for combining ideas. If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas, we can say that they gave each other books (or that they gave books to each other).

My mother and I give each other a hard time.

If more than two people are involved (let's say a whole book club), we would say that they gave one another books. This rule (if it is one) should be applied circumspectly. It's quite possible for the exchange of books within this book club, for example, to be between individuals, making "each other" just as appropriate as "one another."

Reciprocal pronouns can also take possessive forms:

They borrowed each other's ideas.

The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.

LES

PRONOMS

ADJETIVOS

DEFINICIÓNSon palabras que nombran o indican

cualidades o rasgos y propiedades de los nombres o sustantivos a los que acompañan, siempre concuerdan en género y número, son para describir, calificar expresar características

Adjetivo calificativo Indica una cualidad del mismo, por ejemplo

blanco, grande, corto, etc.Adjetivo demostrativoseñala proximidad o lejanía respecto al

sustantivo, por ejemplo este, aquel, esos, etc.

Adjetivo posesivomanifiesta posesión o pertenencia, por

ejemplo mi, tu, nuestro, suyo, etc.

Adjetivo numeralIndica número. Puede ser numeral cardinal, por ejemplo dos, cien, etc. Numeral ordinal, por ejemplo primero, segundo, etc. Numeral múltiplo, por ejemplo doble, triple, etc. Numeral partitivo, por ejemplo mitad, décima (parte).

Adjetivo indefinido

indica cantidad, pero sin especificar cuánto, por ejemplo, muchos, algunos, etc.

ADJECTIVES

Le terme adjectif, par son étymologie latine, signifie « qui s’ajoute ». Il s’ajoute à un autre mot auquel il apporte une précision de sens. Il est donc inapte à être employé seul. La grammaire classe comme qualificatifs tous les adjectifs qui indiquent une qualité ou propriété essentielle ou accidentelle de l’objet désigné par le nom (ou le pronom) sur lequel ils portent.

On réserve l’appellation d’adjectif à la seule catégorie de mots variables en genre et en nombre ; on oppose ainsi cette classe à l’ensemble des déterminants du nom : il faut étudier séparément les adjectifs « non-qualificatifs » (possessifs, indéfinis, démonstratifs, interrogatifs, numéraux) qui fonctionnent en réalité comme déterminants du nom.Lire la suite sur

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. adjectives always agree in number An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb. In the sentence

DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES OR ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY 

Descriptive adjectives are those adjectives which describe nouns or the noun phrases. For example: 'A beautiful day'. In this case, 'beautiful' is the adjective which qualifies or describes the noun 'day'. Descriptive adjectives have several forms as discussed below.

ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY OR NUMERIC ADJECTIVE

Adjective of quantity talks about the quantity of the noun being talked about and provides answer to the question of 'how much'. It shows the quantity or the numbers present in the sentence. For example: 'there were three boys playing in the ground'. Here the word 'three' signifies the quantity or the number of boys playing. Other examples are:

He has little intelligence.Sunday is the first day of the week.

PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES

Predicative adjectives are those which follow a linking verb and not placed before a noun. Predicative adjective does not act as a part of the noun it modifies but serves as a complement of a linking verb which connects it to the noun of the sentence. Take for instance 'The bag is heavy'. Here the predicative adjective 'heavy' is associated with the verb 'is' and links to the noun 'bag'. Other examples are:

The weather will be cool and dry.

That child is young.

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Possessive adjective is used where the sentence shows possession or belongingness. They are similar to possessive pronouns and, in this case, are used as adjectives which modify a noun or a noun phrase. Here words such as, our, my, your, his, her, it's and their/s, are used. For example:

Have you seen their house?

This is his room.

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

Demonstrative adjectives are used when there is a need to point specific things. The adjectives function as a way to demonstrate something and are similar to demonstrative pronouns. Here words such as this, that, these, those and what are used. Take, for instance, the sentence: 'If I hear that sound again, I will call the Police'. Here 'that' refers to a specific sound. Other examples are as follows:

Whose is this bag?

These mangoes are sour.

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES

Indefinite adjectives are used when the sentence has nothing to point out or specify. These adjectives are formed from indefinite pronouns and do not indicate anything in particular. It uses words such as, any, many, few and several, etc. Here is an example explained in detail: 'The chief has heard many people make the same promise'. The word 'Many' is an indefinite adjective which does not specify the quantity of people and modifies the noun 'people' without pointing out exactly who all have made the said same promise. Other examples:

Many children like dinosaurs.

Is there any water in the bottle?

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVESAn Interrogative adjective modifies a noun or a noun

phrase and is similar to the interrogative pronoun. It does not stand on its own and includes words such as, which, what, who, whose, whom, where and so on. For example: 'What dress are you wearing?' Here, 'what' modifies the noun 'dress' and is the object of the compound verb 'are wearing'. Other examples:

Which leaves turn color first?Whose son is he?

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

Comparative adjectives are those which imply increase or decrease of the quality or quantity of the nouns. It is used to compare two things in a clause. Adjectives are generally made comparative by adding 'er' to the original work like nicer, taller, smarter, etc; there are some exceptions also. Other examples are:

The detective is younger than the thief

Science is more important than math in these days

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

Superlative adjectives express the greatest increase or decrease of the quality; it conveys the supreme value of the noun in question. For instance, 'He is the richest man in this town'. Here, the word 'richest' is the superlative adjective which shows a comparison individually.

Mary is the tallest of all the students.

I am in the smallest class in the school.

LES ADJECTIFS

Le terme adjectif, par son étymologie latine, signifie « qui s’ajoute ». Il s’ajoute à un autre mot auquel il apporte une précision de sens. Il est donc inapte à être employé seul.

La grammaire classe comme qualificatifs tous les adjectifs qui indiquent une qualité ou propriété essentielle ou accidentelle de l’objet désigné par le nom (ou le pronom) sur lequel ils portent.

On réserve l’appellation d’adjectif à la seule catégorie de mots variables en genre et en nombre ; on oppose ainsi cette classe à l’ensemble des déterminants du nom : il faut étudier séparément les adjectifs « non-qualificatifs » (possessifs, indéfinis, démonstratifs, interrogatifs, numéraux) qui fonctionnent en réalité comme déterminants du nom.

ADVERBIO

Los Adverbios son palabras que pueden modificar a un verbo, a un adjetivo o a otro adverbio.

Adverbio modificando a un Verbo:

El coche corre mucho.

El adverbio mucho modifica al verbo correexpresando cuanto corre el coche.

Adverbio modificando a un Adjetivo:

Tú jardín es muy bonito.

El adverbio muy modifica al adjetivo bonitoañadiendo intensidad a la cualidad bonito del jardín.

Adverbio modificando a otro Adverbio:

Mi colegio está bastante cerca.

El adverbio bastante modifica al adverbio cercaaumentando la proximidad.

El adverbio es invariable, porque no admite morfemas de género ni de número, pero en ocasiones puede admitir morfemas derivativos (cerquita, prontito), o morfemas de grados como los adjetivos (lejísimos, prontísimo).

También podemos formar adverbios añadiendo la terminación -mente a los adjetivos (cómodamente, rápidamente).

Clases de Adverbios

Lugar Aquí, allí, allá, acá, lejos, encima, debajo, cerca, delante...

Tiempo Hoy, ayer, antes, después, pronto, tarde, temprano, todavía...

Modo Bien, mal, como, así... y todos los que se obtienen añadiendo -MENTE a los adjetivos calificativos (tristemente, fácilmente).

Cantidad Mucho, poco, bastante, demasiado, más, menos, nada...

Afirmación Sí, también, cierto, efectivamente, claro, verdaderamente...

Negación No, jamás, nunca, tampoco...

Duda Acaso, quizás, quizá, probablemente, posiblemente...

Para saber si un adverbio es de Lugar, Tiempo o Modo hacemos las siguientes preguntas al verbo de la oración:

¿Dónde? para saber si el adverbio es de Lugar¿Cuándo? para saber si el adverbio es de Tiempo

¿Cómo? para saber si el adverbio es de Modo¿Cuánto? para saber si el adverbio es de Cantidad

Hay que tener mucho cuidado en no confundirse al analizar algunas palabras (todo, poco, mucho, bastante, nada, algo...) que pueden funcionar como determinantes, pronombres o adverbios.

Son determinantes cuando acompañan a un nombre:

Tenemos muchos libros.La palabra muchos se refiere al sustantivo libros

luego es Determinante.

Son pronombres cuando sustituyen a un nombre:

Nos encanta tener muchos.La palabra muchos se sustituye al

sustantivo librosluego es Pronombre.

Son adverbios cuando modifican a verbos, adjetivos o a otros adverbios:

Nosotros leemos mucho.La palabra mucho modifica al

verbo leemosluego es Adverbio.

Las Locuciones adverbiales son expresiones formadas por grupos de palabras que equivalen a un solo adverbio.

Locuciones adverbiales

Lugar Al otro lado, desde lejos, de cerca, en alto, por encima ...

Tiempo De vez en cuando, en un periquete, a última hora, al instante, en cuanto ...

Modo A manos llenas, a ciegas, a bulto, a pies juntillas, al revés, a traición, de veras

Cantidad Más o menos, como máximo, por poco, en nada, a mansalva, a porrillo ...

Afirmación Sin duda, desde luego, en efecto, por supuesto ...

Negación Ni por asomo, en mi vida, nunca jamás ...

Duda A lo mejor, sin duda, tal vez ...

ADVERB

Adverbs are words that modify:

a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)

an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)

another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)

As we will see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:

That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.

KINDS OF ADVERBSAdverbs of Manner   She moved slowly and spoke quietly.

Adverbs of Place   She has lived on the island all her life.    She still lives there now.

Adverbs of Frequency   She takes the boat to the mainland every day.   She often goes by herself.

Adverbs of Time   She tries to get back before dark.   It's starting to get dark now.   She finished her tea first.   She left early.

Adverbs of Purpose   She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.   She shops in several stores to get the best buys.

If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause:

When this class is over, we're going to the movies.

When a group of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial phrase. 

Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions (telling place and time, modifying the verb):

He went to the movies.

She works on holidays.

They lived in Canada during the war.

And infinitive phrases can act as adverbs (usually telling why):

She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.

The senator ran to catch the bus.

But there are other kinds of adverbial phrases:He calls his mother as often as possible.

LES ADVERBES

Les adverbes sont des mots invariables. La plupart d'entre eux servent à préciser ou à modifier le sens d'un verbe, d’un adjectif, d'un autre adverbe ou de toute une proposition. 

Exemples :- Jean joue sagement. -> L'adverbe sagement modifie le verbe joue.- Jean joue bien sagement. -> L'adverbe bien modifie l'adverbe sagement.- Jeanne est très mignonne. -> L'adverbe très modifie l'adjectif mignonne.- Jeanne est très souvent en colère. -> L'adverbe très modifie l'adverbe souvent.- Évidemment, Jeanne est la plus gentille. -> L'adverbe évidemment modifie toute la proposition.

On distingue plusieurs types d'adverbes selon leur sens, dont les adverbes de manière, de temps, de lieu et de quantité.Exemples :- Adverbe de manière : Il parle doucement.- Adverbe de temps : Nous sommes rentrés tard.

PREPOSICIONES

DEFINICIÓNPalabra que relaciona los elementos de

una oración ,se caracteriza por aparecer típicamente al principio del constituyente sintáctico al que afecta, son para indicar origen, procedencia, destino, dirección, lugar, medio, punto de partida, motivo, etc.

PREPOSICIONES SEPARABLES

CLASIFICACIÓNLas preposiciones se clasifican según el contexto que se le

este dando a la oración, y es en las siguientes categorías:

 

Preposiciones de lugar — que precisamente asignan contenidos de lugar: a, de, en, entre, hacia, por, tras.

Preposiciones de tiempo — que ubican un suceso en el tiempo: a, con, de, desde, en, para, por, sobre.

Preposiciones de causa — que dan una vinculación de origen a resultado: de, por.

Preposiciones de finalidad — que determinan una finalidad u objetivo: a, para.

Preposiciones de compañía — que expresan una asociación de sujetos en cuando a una acción: con

Preposiciones de instrumentación — que expresan el medio por el cual se realiza o ha realizado la acción: a, con, de, en.

Preposiciones de modo — que indican la forma en que se realiza la acción: a, con, de, en, por.

Nota: algunas aparecen en más de una categoría, según el sentido que se le esté dando a la expresión.

PREPOSICIONES INSEPARABLES

PREPOSITIONS

DEFINITION

Preposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence. * Preposition is always used before a noun or pronoun and shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the other words in sentence. * Prepositions show many relations (for different nouns) in sentence. On the basis of relation they show

PREPOSITIONS OF TIME Preposition Time Nature

In 1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 1985

2. Particular time of day or month or yeare.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in

summer, in winter3. Century or specific time in past etc

e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present

On 1. Day e.g. on Monday

2. Datee.g. on 5th of March, March 5

3. Particular daye.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,

At 1. Time of clocke.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM2. Short and precise time 

e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

PREPOSITION FOR PLACE. (IN, ON, AT)

Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.

“In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual).

PREPOSITION FOR DIRECTION. (TO, TOWARD, THROUGH, INTO)

Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.         She went to the library.         He jumped into the river.

PREPOSITION FOR AGENT. (BY) 

Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.         This book is written by Shakespeare.          

PREPOSITION FOR DEVICE, INSTRUMENT OR MACHINE.

Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.         She comes by bus daily.

LES PRÉPOSITIO

NS

La préposition est un mot invariable qui relie un mor ou un groupe de mots complément au mot ou au groupe de mots complété.

Elle introduit le plus souvent un groupe nominal ou un infinitif.

CONJUNCIONES

DEFINICIÓN

Las conjunciones son una clase de palabras, vacías de contenido significativo y cuya función es, simplemente, la de servir de enlace entre palabras, entre sintagmas o entre oraciones, (sirven para unir dos o más palabras o dos o más oraciones) y no tienen ningún tipo de incidencia sobre los elementos que unen.

Tradicionalmente se ha distinguido entre conjunciones coordinantes y conjunciones subordinantes.

CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES

Unen elementos (palabras u oraciones) que están en el mismo nivel jerárquico, es decir, que realizan la misma función o pertenecen a la misma categoría gramatical.

Yo canto y bailo (aquí la conjunción copulativa y une a canto y bailo, que son dos verbos).

CONJUNCIONES SUBORDINANTES

Establecen una relación entre dos proposiciones (oraciones) de distinta jerarquía. Una de ellas está subordinada a la otra, es decir, necesita de ella para tener significación plena, y además realiza una función sintáctica de la proposición principal.

CONJUNCTIO

NS

DEFINITIONA conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSThe simple, little conjunctions are called coordinating

conjunctions:

And

But

Or

Yet

For

Nor

So

(It may help you remember these conjunctions by recalling that they all have fewer than four letters. Also, remember the acronym FANBOYS: For-And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So..)

When a coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, it is often (but not always) accompanied by a comma:

When the two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction are nicely balanced or brief, many writers will 

The comma is always correct when used to separate two independent clauses connected by a coordinating conjunction. See Punctuation Between Two Independent Clauses for further help.

A comma is also correct when and is used to attach the last item of a serial list, although many writers (especially in newspapers) will omit that final comma:

When a coordinating conjunction is used to connect all the elements in a series, a comma is not used:

A comma is also used with but when expressing a contrast:

This is a useful rule, but difficult to remember.

In most of their other roles as joiners (other than joining independent clauses, that is), coordinating conjunctions can join two sentence elements without the help of a comma.

Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions.

ANDTo suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda

sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response."

To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house."

To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality.

To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight."

To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt." 

To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling — and that surprised no one who knew him."

BUTTo suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the

first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably."

To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor."

To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team."

ORTo suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other:

"You can study hard for this exam or you can fail."

To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers.

To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae."

To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."

To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die." 

To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor."

NORThe conjunction NOR is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the

other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor

He is neither sane nor brilliant.

That is neither what I said nor what I meant.

>It can be used with other negative expressions:

That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt.

It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy:

George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy.

YETThe word YET functions sometimes as an adverb and has several

meanings: in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"), still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness that but can seldom register.

John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.

The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day.

Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. It would not be unusual to see and yet in sentences like the ones above. This usage is acceptable.

FORThe word FOR is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does

serve, on rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:

John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.

Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.

SOBe careful of the conjunction SO. Sometimes it can connect two independent

clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. For instance, in this sentence,

Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet.

where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task:

Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans.

Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma:

So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

A Subordinating Conjunction (sometimes called a dependent word or subordinator) comes at the beginning of a Subordinate (or Dependent) Clause and establishes the relationship between the dependent clause and the rest of the sentence. It also turns the clause into something that depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.

He took to the stage as though he had been preparing for this moment all his life.

Because he loved acting, he refused to give up his dream of being in the movies.

Unless we act now, all is lost.

Notice that some of the subordinating conjunctions in the table below — after, before, since — are also prepositions, but as subordinators they are being used to introduce a clause and to subordinate the following clause to the independent element in the sentence.

COMMON SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

oncerather thansinceso thatthanthatthoughtill

after althoughasas ifas long asas though

becausebeforeeven ifeven thoughifif onlyin order thatnow that

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

Some conjunctions combine with other words to form what are called correlative conjunctions. They always travel in pairs, joining various sentence elements that should be treated as grammatically equal.

She led the team not only in statistics but also by virtue of her enthusiasm.

Polonius said, "Neither a borrower nor a lender be."

Whether you win this race or lose it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.

both . . . andnot only . . .

but alsonot . . . but

either . . . or

neither . . . norwhether . . . or

as . . . as

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

The conjunctive adverbs such as however, moreover, nevertheless, consequently, as a result are used to create complex relationships between ideas. Refer to the section on Coherence: Transitions Between Ideas for an extensive list of conjunctive adverbs categorized according to their various uses and for some advice on their application within sentences (including punctuation issues).

CONJUNCIONES COORDINANTES

Unen elementos (palabras u oraciones) que están en el mismo nivel jerárquico, es decir, que realizan la misma función o pertenecen a la misma categoría gramatical.

Yo canto y bailo (aquí la conjunción copulativa y une a canto y bailo, que son dos verbos).

LES

CONJONCTIO

NS

DÉFINITIONPour des phrases entières de donner un sens,

leurs différentes parties doivent être liées à une logique, la mode significatif. Ce rôle de liaison est joué par conjonctions - le mot signifie littéralement réunissant - qui vient dans deux catégories différentes: la coordination et conjonctions de subordination.

CONJONCTIONS DE COORDINATION

Clauses de liaison (soit des mots et / ou des fragments de phrases) qui sont d'égale importance. Il ya 7 ces conjonctions en français: MAIS / mais; ou / or; et / et; Fait / donc, par conséquent; ou / mais, encore; ni / ni; voiture / car, parce que.

Il ya un truc mnémotechnique pour se souvenir de ceux-ci, au moins en français. Étant donné que certains des conjonctions sont homophones d'autres mots français, tout ce que vous devez retenir est la suivante: Mais où Est Fait Ornicar? / Mais où est donc Ornicar? (ici Ornicar est évidemment un mot absurde).

CONJONCTIONS DE SUBORDINATION

Conjonctions de subordination reliez une clause principale avec clauses subordonnées / dépendantes. Vous serez en mesure de reconnaître rapidement la majorité d'entre eux comme la plupart Qué incorporent / que dans le cadre d'une phrase conjonctive .

La particularité à noter est que certains d'entre eux qui dictent l'utilisation des modes spécifiques (par exemple indicatif, subjonctif ou au conditionnel ) de la clause subordonnée.

INTERJECCIO

NES

DEFINICIÓN Las interjecciones son palabras generalmente

únicas, que no tienen variaciones y se emplean muy habitualmente en forma aislada de una oración — por lo que funcionan como una oración completa — y que expresan sentidos admirativos o de asombro, alegría, saludo o bienvenida, alarma, asco, y similares, en forma exclamativa, por lo cual generalmente se escriben entre signos de admiración.

Existen asimismo algunas interjecciones de sentido interrogativo, o confirmativo de lo antes expresado, que ocasionalmente se intercalan en una oración; y que, obviamente, se escriben entre signos de interrogación.

LAS INTERJECCIONES SE CLASIFICAN EN:

Interjecciones propias — o propiamente dichas, que se componen de una única palabra comprendida entre signos de admiración o de interrogación:

¡AH! — que expresa asombro, comprensión de lo oído, sorpresa, placer.

¡OH! — que expresa asombro, admiración.¡AY! — que expresa dolor. Es una interjección que puede ser seguida de una expresión confirmatoria, por lo que cabe integrarla en una oración; pero como las interjecciones forman una unidad en su entonación oral, se separa con una coma:¡Ay!, ¡cómo me duele!

¡GUAY! — que expresa advertencia o amenaza:¡Guay, que se nos vienen encima!

¡EH! — que expresa rechazo, desaprobación de lo excesivo, sorpresa. ¡HEY! — que expresa llamado de atención, saludo. ¡UY! — que expresa asombro, sorpresa por algo insólito. ¡PUAJ! — que expresa asco, fuerte desagrado. ¡HOLA! — que expresa bienvenida, saludo, satisfacción por el encuentro con la persona a quien es dirigido.

¡OJALÁ! — que expresa un deseo de que algo se realice. Sería una palabra de origen árabe, proveniente de los tiempos históricos en que el sur de la península ibérica estaba ocupada por los moros, siendo contracción de al alá, equivalente a Dios lo quiera. Es una palabra que frecuentemente no es empleada como interjección, incorporándose a una oración:Ojalá que no llueva.

¿EH? — siendo una forma interrogativa, expresa duda de haber comprendido lo oído, o una solicitud de que se repita algo que no fue atentamente escuchado; y también se emplea en el contexto de un discurso, como una suerte de consulta acerca de si se ha comprendido lo expresado, o si se está de acuerdo con ello. Es una de las pocas interjecciones que eventualmente pueden intercalarse en una oración, con ese sentido:Camina con cuidado para no caerte; ¿eh?

INTERJECCIONES IMPROPIAS 

Interjecciones impropias que no son interjecciones idiomáticamente originarias, sino sustantivos, verbos o adverbios, que ocasionalmente son empleados como interjecciones, por su significación usual: ¡socorro!, ¡diantre!, ¡caracoles!, ¡caramba!, ¡diablos!, ¡córcholis!

INTERJECCIONES DE EXPRESIÓN

Interjecciones de expresión que son locuciones usuales, las que son empleadas igualmente como interjecciones: ¡mi madre!, ¡Dios santo!, ¡ay de mí!

Las interjecciones presentan algunas peculiaridades en su empleo idiomático:

Generalmente se emplean en forma aislada, como una expresión de entonación independiente; pero cuando se incorporan en una oración lo común es que aparezcan al principio: ¡ay!, ¡qué dolor!

Cuando se insertan en una oración quedan estrictamente fuera de su secuencia, como si fueran un paréntesis: Lloró la niña, ¡ay!, ¡cómo sufría!

Algunas asumen la forma de expresiones no idiomáticas, u onomatopéyicas, (que imitan sonidos): ¡Puáj!, ¡chit!, ¡plásh!, ¡páf!, ¡pif!

Algunas se unen frecuentemente a los nombres propios, en la forma de losvocativos o expresiones que se emplean para llamar o atraer la atención:¡Eh, Ernesto!

También se unen a diversas clases de partículas, en diversas expresiones exclamativas:¡Ay del que se anime a contrariarlo!¡Guay con los que se le acerquen!

INTERJECTIO

NS

DEFINITION

A short utterance that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing alone. Interjections are generally considered one of the traditional parts of speech.

In writing, an interjection is typically followed by an exclamation point.

See also:

"Oh, Wow!": Notes on Interjections

Asterismos

Ecphonesis

Exclamation

Minor Sentence

Sound Symbolism

Swear Word

Ten Titillating Types of Sound Effects in Language

Etymology:

From the Latin, "thrown in"

L'INTERJECTIO

N

DÉFINITION

L'interjection est un terme autonome qui n'a pas de fonction au sein de la phrase. Il peut jouer à lui seul le rôle d'une phrase. Ainsi le grammairien André Goosse réunit les interjections avec certains mots, classés traditionnellement comme adverbes , tels que merci, bravo, oui… au sein d'une même classe, celle des mots-phrases.

On regroupe dans la classe des interjections les termes qui :permettent l'expression d'un sentiment (soulagement, agacement, surprise…) ;Ouf ! le travail est terminé.Je n'avais, hélas !, plus rien à lui dire. Reproduisent un bruit (on les appelle les onomatopées).Il mit un pied sur la glace et boum !

FUENTEAdjetivos: http

://www.blueblocnotes.com/grammar/prepositions/place

Adjetives: http://fos.iloveindia.com/types-of-adjectives.html

Preposiciones:http://carmenhmar.blogspot.mx/2011/05/clasificacion.html

Prepositions: http://www.studyandexam.com/preposition3.html

Interjecciones: http://www.escueladigital.com.uy/espaniol/10_interjecciones.htm

Les adjetifs http://www.etudes-litteraires.com/adjectif.php

Les preposition: http://www.espacefrancais.com/les-prepositions/