Metodología de La Investigación Política - Stefano Bartolini

8/10/2019 Metodología de La Investigación Política - Stefano Bartolini

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ROFPBY^FAKA OKNFLOKE @BABYFNL PFEEKYYBKE

@KNREQKA AB ABYBNHL V NFBONFK ZLEFQFNK

B^NRBEK AB NFBONFK ZLEFQFNK

NRY^L4 Cbtlalelgãk ab ek Fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk

^bguoal Kûl

Alnbotb rbsploskieb4 Efn. Keibrtl Bspfolzk Nkstbeekrbs

Nlcpboafl ab Ebnturks

Ebnturk Oº ;

Gfko`rkonl Zksqufol

^tb`kol Ikrtlefof

Ckurfzfl Nlttk

Eblokral Clrefol

Kogbel Zkobifkonl

Ckouke ab nfbonfkpleãtfnk

Kefkozk Rofvbrsfaka Qbxtls



Nkpãtuel 9

CBQLALELGÃK AB EK FOPB^QFGKNFÞO ZLEÃQFNK

^tb`kol Ikrtlefof

;. Fotrlaunnfþo

Ek bxprbsfþo «cbtlalelgãk½ sb usk bo eks nfbonfks abe hlcirb nloafvbrsls sfgof`fnkals. Zlr uok pkrtb, nlo `rbnubonfk sb foneuyb bo su bs`brkab nlcpbtbonfk be bstuafl abe ùoakcbotl `felsþ`fnl abe nlolnfcfbotl abtfpl nfbotã`fnl, ek tblrãk l `felsl`ãk abe cætlal nfbotã`fnl, l sbk sufotbrprbtknfþo, bvkeuknfþo y dustf`fnknfþo bo rb`brbonfk k ltrls cætlals yltrks nlosfabrknflobs. Zlr ltrk, kôo nlo ckylr `rbnubonfk sb botfboab plrcbtlalelgãk be bstuafl ab tænofnks bspbnã`fnks ab fovbstfgknfþo y ab sueþgfnk, ab els fostrucbotls y eks lpbrknflobs obnbskrfls pkrk nrbkr tkebstænofnks y pkrk fotbrprbtkr sus rbsuetkals. Bo bstb nksl ek rbèbxfþocbtlaleþgfnk tfboab fobvftkiebcbotb k nbotrkrsb y k prfvfebgfkr els prliebcks ab kqubeels sbntlrbs y nkcpls ab ek fovbstfgknfþo slnfke qubrbnurrbo nlo cës `rbnubonfk k eks tænofnks bstkaãstfnks y cktbcëtfnks abtrktkcfbotl ab aktls, abafnkoal plnk ktbonfþo k bsb kcpefl sbntlr abfovbstfgknfþo qub ol utfefzk

‑ l ol el hknb sfstbcëtfnkcbotb

‑ tkebs

tænofnks. Bstë, plr `fo, uo tbrnbr ofvbe l knbpnfþo abe tærcfol cbtlalelgãk,qub, plr su uifnknfþo fotbrcbafk botrb ek `felsl`ãk abe cætlal y ek eþgfnkab eks tænofnks, bs be cës af`ãnfe ab ab`fofr bo tærcfols plsftfvls, tkotl plrqub bo be fotbotl ab foafnkr su nlotbofal bspbnã`fnl ols vbclsrbcftfals nlotfoukcbotb hknfk krrfik, hknfk be ofvbe y ek knbpnfþobpfstbcleþgfnk, l hknfk kikdl, hknfk eks kpefnknflobs fostrucbotkebs. Bstktbrnbrk knbpnfþo ab cbtlalelgãk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo foneuyb kqubeels prlnbafcfbotls eþgfnls qub sb rb`fbrbo k ek `lrcueknfþo ab els prliebcksab fovbstfgknfþo, ek `lrcknfþo y be trktkcfbotl ab els nlonbptls, ekbebnnfþo ab els nksls y eks vkrfkiebs, els prlnbafcfbotls ab nlotrle ab elsrbsuetkals. Bo bstb sbotfal, ek cbtlalelgãk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo trktk elscætlals bo tærcfols ab sus lidbtfvls putktfvls y ab els fotbrbsbs ab elsusukrfls. Cunhls ab els prliebcks nftkals, nkbo abotrl tkcifæo ab ekbs`brk ab nlcpbtbonfk ab ek cbtlalelgãk botboafak nlcl rbèbxfþo slirbeks tænofnks ab fovbstfgknfþo. Zbrl, kabcës, bo tke nksl bstls prliebcks sbtrktko hknfboal rb`brbonfk nlonrbtk

NLCZBOAFL AB EBNQRYK^ 4 KEIBYQL B^ZFOLTKNK^QBEEKYB^



1: ^tb`kol Ikrtlefof

k eks tænofnks qub sb bstuafko, y ol nlcl prliebcks gbobrkebs abcætlal fohbrbotbs k ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk y slnfke bo su nloduotl.

Bo bstb nkpãtuel trktkrbcls, pubs, ab uok cbtlalelgãk botboafakbstrfntkcbotb nlcl eþgfnk abe cætlal ab fovbstfgknfþo, bvftkoalafsnutfr tkotl els prliebcks bpfstbcleþgfnls qub pekobko slirb tlakbcprbsk nlgolsnftfvk ab nkrëntbr nfbotã`fnl, nlcl eks tænofnks nlonrbtksuskaks bo eks fovbstfgknflobs nukotftktfvks. Ols nbotrkrbcls bo be ofvbefotbrcbafl ke qub ols hbcls rb`brfal kotbs, trktkoal sus prlnbafcfbotlsgbobrkebs. Bo ek ckylr pkrtb ab els nksls bstls prlnbafcfbotlscbtlaleþgfnls suplobo uok rknflokefzknfþo ab els prlnbafcfbotlsafntkals plr be sbotfal nlcôo qub nltfafkokcbotb pbrcftbo b`bntukrabsnuirfcfbotls, prlaunfr k`frcknflobs y hknbr lpnflobs. Bstkrknflokefzknfþo ab els prlnbafcfbotls abe sbotfal nlcôo fcpefnk uo«nlolnfcfbotl½ y. uok «pltbonfknfþo½ ab beels qub pbrcftk `lrcuekr prlplsfnflobs slirb ek iksb ab uo skibr nuyl nkrëntbr bcpãrfnl y eþgf-nkcbotb ol nlotrkafntlrfl y nuyls prlnbafcfbotls pôiefnls y rbpbtfiebs ‑ qub pubako sbr rbtlckals plr ltrls y rbpbtfals' pkrk nlotrlekr ekvkefabz ab els rbsuetkals ‑ nlostftuybo ek iksb ab ek plsfifefaka ababnfafr y duzgkr su vkelr ab vbraka. Ab bstls als bebcbotls abrfvk benkrëntbr ab «lidbtfvfaka½ nfbotã`fnk, botboafak bo be sbotfal abfotbrsuidbtfvfaka ab bsb nlolnfcfbotl *.Bstk nkrkntbrfzknfþo abe nlolnfcfbotl nfbotã`fnl pekotbk nloafnflobscãofcks k rbspbtkr bo tlak fovbstfgknfþo y abefibrkakcbotb ol rbnurrb kab`fofnflobs abe cætlal nfbotã`fnl qub prlvfbobo ab afsnfpefoks cësabskrrleekaks y qub fcpefnko ek obnbskrfk rb`brbonfk k «ebybs½ y«bxpefnknflobs½ bo sbotfal `ubrtb. Bo ek sftuknfþo kntuke, ekfovbstfgknfþo slnfke y pleãtfnk bo su nloduotl ol bstë bo nloafnflobs absktfs`knbr els rbqufsftls ab uok bstrfntk ab`fofnfþo ab cætlal ybxpefnknfþo nfbotã`fnk. Kpbgkrsb k tke bstëoakr prlplofboalnlcpkrknflobs nlo eks nfbonfks okturkebs cës abskrrleekaks abtbrcfokab hbnhl l ifbo ek efcftknfþo ab ek kpefnknfþo ab uok rãgfak cbtlalelgãksþel k kqubeels nkcpls ab ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnl-slnfke bo qub berbnursl k tænofnks bstkaãstfnl-cktbcëtfnks pbrcftb uok kprlxfcknfþockylr ke clabel nfbotã`fnl-`ãsfnl, l ifbo uok afstkonfk fonleckieb botrbeks kspfrknflobs cbtlaleþgfnks y ek rbkefaka ab ek fovbstfgknfþo afkrfk.Be plobr be knbotl slirb bstëoakrbs cbtlaleþgfnls fokenkozkiebs plr ekskntukebs nfbonfks slnfkebs pubab prlaunfr akûls kôo cës grkvbs4 uorbnhkzl l kikoalol ab tlak afsnfpefok l prbnkunfþo cbtlaleþgfnk ikdlbe prbtbxtl ab ek fcplsfifefaka ab kenkozkr be tfpl fabke ab fovbstfgknfþoy ab bxpefnknfþo nfbotã`fnk.

Bo uok afsnfpefok nlcl ek nfbonfk pleãtfnk, ek plsfifefaka ab bvftkrels rfbsgls fohbrbotbs k bstks plsfnflobs bxtrbcks bstë efgkak keabskrrleel y k ek pltbonfknfþo ab bsb ofvbe fotbrcbafl ab nlolnfcfbotlcbtlaleþgfnl ilsqubdkal kotbs. Zlr bstb cltfvl nbotrkrbcls bo æe ekktbonfþo, trktkoal ab l`rbnbr uok guãk ab els prlnbafcfbotls ab cætlalqub uo fovbstfgkalr bozkrzkal nlo uo prliebck ab fovbstfgknfþo abibsbgufr pkrk litbobr rbsuetkals el cës rbsleuiebs eþgfnk y bcpãrfnk-cbotb, trkospkrbotbs y rbpbtfiebs plsfieb.

9. ^bebnnfþo y `lrcueknfþo ab els prliebcks

Ek fovbstfgknfþo nfbotã`fnk bcpfbzk nlo ek sbebnnfþo y ek nlrrbntk`lrcueknfþo ab els prliebcks ab fovbstfgknfþo. Bstb prfcbr pkslfo`euyb slirb tlals els abcës

; IYR^NHF, K., ^nfbozk, tænofnk b sbosl nlcuob, bo K. IYR^NHF, R.

GLYF y @. KYYFOK, Ybekzflof fotbckzflokef. Cbflaf b tbnofnhb afkokefsf, Cfeëo, Btks Mlcpkss, ;67>, pp. >->2.



Cbtlalelgãk ab ¡k fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk 1;

prlnbsls. Bo ek bebnnfþo ab uo prliebck be fovbstfgkalr sb guãk plr uokgrko vkrfbaka ab `kntlrbs, botrb els nukebs bstëo, okturkecbotb, susfotbrbsbs y vkelrbs. Kabcës ab sbr fcplrtkotb suidbtfvkcbotb, be prliebckbsnlgfal abib tkcifæo sbr fcplrtkotb lidbtfvkcbotb, pbrl hky qubrbnlolnbr qub bo eks nfbonfks huckoks bxfstbo cuy plnls nrftbrfls

prbnfsls y «lidbtfvls½ pkrk kyuakr ke fovbstfgkalr bo su bebnnfþo. Ekckylrãk ab els `ãsfnls tfboabo bo gbobrke k bstkr ab knubral knbrnk ab boquæ nkcpls y bo quæ afrbnnflobs ab fovbstfgknfþo tfbobo qub prlùoafzkr`runtã`brkcbotb bo uo abtbrcfokal pbrãlal. V beel plrqub ek knucueknfþoy ek fotbgrknfþo ab sus nlolnfcfbotls bs ckylr y tfbobo uok vfsfþo cësnekrk ab eks afsplofifefakabs ab ùbotbs y rbnursls pkrk k`rlotkr uo bstuafl.Bo eks nfbonfks huckoks, plr be nlotrkrfl, els fovbstfgkalrbs trkikdkoolrckecbotb slirb prliebcks qub beels nlosfabrko suidbtfvkcbotbfcplrtkotbs y bstëo afspubstls k abdkr k ltrls fovbstfgkalrbs bstuafkr ërbksy prliebcks qub ebs pkrbznko fcplrtkotbs. Zlr ltrk pkrtb, els nfbotã`fnlsslnfkebs ol pubabo efcftkrsb k trktkr sþel els prliebcks pkrk els qubafsplobo ab bxhkustfvks ùbotbs y rbnursls. Cunhls prliebcksfotbrbskotbs b fcplrtkotbs slnfke y pleãtfnkcbotb tfbobo qub k`rlotkrsbfoneusl bo sftuknflobs ab nkrbonfk ab ùbotbs y rbnursls ab fovbstfgknfþo,bs abnfr, bo nloafnflobs bo qub tkebs prliebcks ol slo susnbptfiebs abrbspubstks sktfs`kntlrfks sbgôo els olrckebs nëolobs nfbotã`fnls.

^fo bcikrgl, tkcifæo bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs be fovbstfgkalr pubabbonlotrkr uok guãk pkrk ek bebnnfþo abe prliebck k fovbstfgkr sf trktk abckxfcfzkr ek fcplrtkonfk tbþrfnk ab su trkikdl. Bo bstb nksl abibrësbebnnflokr uo prliebck qub, bo uo clcbotl akal y bo rbeknfþo k uo ofvbeabtbrcfokal ab knucueknfþo ab nlolnfcfbotls ab bsb tbrrbol, sbksusnbptfieb ab l`rbnbr rbsuetkals oubvls, nkpknbs ab claf`fnkr eks plsturksnfbotã`fnks y tblrãks bxfstbotbs bo bsb nkcpl. Ybkefzkr uok bebnnfþo sbgôobstb nrftbrfl rbqufbrb uok grko `kcfefkrfaka nlo uo kcpefl bspbntrl ab elsnlolnfcfbotls y tblrãks bxfstbotbs, ksã nlcl fabks nekrks slirb els sbntlrbsbo els qub tkebs nlolnfcfbotls y tblrãks slo cës aæifebs y tfbobo ckylrobnbsfaka ab prlùoafzknfþo y claf`fnknfþo.

Bo nloneusfþo, pubs, bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs eks trbs afcbosflobs ab ekfcplrtkonfk ab uo prliebck ‑ ek pbrsloke-suidbtfvk, ek bxtbrok pleãtfnl-slnfke y ek tbþrfnk rbspbntl ke nubrpl ab nlolnfcfbotlsknucuekals ‑ pubabo sbr cltfvls fgukecbotb vëefals pkrk ek bebnnfþo.

Els fotbrrlgkotbs k qub sb bo`rbotko eks nfbonfks huckoks pubabo tbobruo nkrëntbr prbalcfokotbcbotb bcpãrfnl, kokeãtfnl l olrcktfvl. Els prliebcks bcpãrfnls bstëo rbprbsbotkals plr fotbrrlgkotbs nuyk rbspubstkabpboab y sb iusnk bo eks bxpbrfbonfks sboslrfkebs. Els prliebckskokeãtfnls slo, bo nkcifl, kqubeels nuyk rbspubstk abpboab l sb iusnk bouo koëefsfs abe sfgof`fnkal ab eks pkekirks qub els bxprbsko. Els prliebckskokeãtfnls slo bsbonfkecbotb prliebcks efogõãstfnls y nlonbptukebs, nuyksleunfþo ol abpboab ab ek nlo`rlotknfþo nlo ek rbkefaka bcpãrfnk, sfol abek ab`fofnfþo ab eks pkekirks bo eks `rksbs qub els bxprbsko= slo, pubs, prliebcks sbcëotfnls. Zlr ôetfcl, els prliebcks olrcktfvls slo kqubeels prliebcks nuyk rbsleunfþo abpboab obnbskrfkcbotb ab dufnfls ab vkelrrb`brfals k el qub bs prb`brfieb, absbkieb l clrke.

^fo kabotrkrols bo uok afsnusfþo cës prlùoak ab bstk afstfonfþo, ikstkkquã suirkykr qub els prliebcks k`rlotkals plr ek nfbonfk pleãtfnk slo prbalcfokotbcbotb ab nkrëntbr bcpãrfnl. ^fo bcikrgl, bo uok afsnfpefokqub liefgktlrfkcbotb rbnurrb k tærcfols y nlonbptls ab bcpebl nlrrfbotbbo be ebogukdb nlcôo y qub ol afsplob

‑ l sþel pkrnfkecbotb

‑ ab su

prlpfl vlnkiuekrfl bspbnfkefzkal, sb pekotbko nlotfoukcbotb prliebcksfohbrbotbs k ek nekrf`fnknfþo sbcëotfnk ab els



19 ^tb`kol Ikrtlefof

Zrlpfls nlonbptls. Ksã pubs, af`ãnfecbotb bo eks fovbstfgknflobs pleãtfnksels prliebcks bcpãrfnls pubabo `lrcuekrsb ifbo sfo rbnurrfr k `ksbs abnekrf`fnknfþo kokeãtfnk.

Zlr ltrk pkrtb, bs obnbskrfl suirkykr qub nfbrtls prliebcks pleãtfnlsolrcktfvls ‑ nlcl els qub absab hknb sfgels bstëo bo be nbotrl abe

pboskcfbotl y ek `felsl`ãk pleãtfnk ‑

pubabo rb`lrcuekrsb ab ckobrk qubsb litbogk be cëxfcl ab fo`lrcknfþo bcpãrfnk pkrk slstbobr be dufnfl l eklpnfþo ab vkelr. Zlr bdbcpel bo ek afsnusfþo neësfnk ab sf ek abclnrknfk bsuo rægfcbo cbdlr (l prb`brfieb k) qub ek afntkaurk, be prliebck sb pubab`lrcuekr ab tke clal qub sb rb`fbrk k uok sbrfb ab nlosbnubonfks bcpãrfnksab els als tfpls ab rægfcbo, nlcl ek nkotfaka ab nbosurk bdbrnfak slirb elscbafls ab nlcuofnknfþo, be oôcbrl ab pbrsloks krrbstkaks plr abeftls ablpfofþo, y ltrls kspbntls. Bstks fo`lrcknflobs ab nkrëntbr bcpãrfnl ‑ botkotl ol bxneuybo be dufnfl ab vkelr abe koëefsfs, bs abnfr sf uok cës bstrfntknbosurk sbk cbdlr l pblr qub uok' cës iekoak ‑ kcpeãko u lidbtfvko beëciftl ab eks fo`lrcknflobs slirb eks quæ sb iksko be dufnfl ab vkelr l ekfoafnknfþo prbsnrfptfvk.

Zlr ôetfcl, hky qub rbnlrakr tkcifæo qub els rbsuetkals abfovbstfgknflobs bcpãrfnks subebo utfefzkrsb nlcl iksb ab prbsnrfpnflobsolrcktfvks plr pkrtb ab els fovbstfgkalrbs. Bs bvfabotb, pubs, qub els trbstfpls ab prliebcks sb pubabo cbznekr bo uok cfsck fovbstfgknfþo. Beel olsuplob uo prliebck cfbotrks qub sb ckotbogko nekrkcbotb af`brbonfkalsabotrl ab beek. Bs fcplrtkotb slirb tlal bvftkr rbslevbr uo tfpl ab prliebcks rbnurrfboal k rbspubstks ab ltrl tfpl4 rbsplotkr k prbguotksbcpãrfnks nlo krgucbotls olrcktfvls, k prbguotks kokeãtfnks nlorbspubstks bcpãrfnks, y ksã sunbsfvkcbotb.

Ab el bxpubstl hkstk khlrk rbsuetk nekrl qub ek `lrcueknfþo ab uo prliebck bs uo prlnbsl tko fcplrtkotb nlcl su bebnnfþo. Bxfstbo keguoksrbgeks qub pubabo kyuakr ke fovbstfgkalr. Ek `lrcueknfþo ab uo prliebckbcpãrfnl pkrk ek fovbstfgknfþo abibrãk sbr bo prfcbr eugkr el cës bxpeãnftk plsfieb= bs abnfr, bxpeãnftl k; cëxfcl ek fotbrrlgkotb nbotrke ab ekfovbstfgknfþo, sbpkrëoalek y afstfogufæoalek ab eks fotbrrlgkotbs pbrf`ærfnks l sbnuoakrfks. Bo sbguoal eugkr, ek `lrcueknfþo abe prliebckabib sbr nekrk bo be sbotfal ab qub els tærcfols utfefzkals bo beek ol abibogbobrkr kcifgõbaka of nlo`usfþo fotbebntuke knbrnk ab su sfgof`fnkal ofabibo bonlotrkrsb bo beels ksbrtls l rbspubstks fcpeãnftks. Bo tbrnbr eugkr,

'be prliebck abib `lrcuekrsb ab tke clal qub pubak tbobr uok rbspubstkbcpãrfnk bxneuyboal, pubs, kqubeeks nubstflobs qub, foafrbntkcbotb l abclal fonlcpebtl, ol slo susnbptfiebs ab tkebs rbspubstks. Zlr ôetfcl, uoknlrrbntk `lrcueknfþo abe prliebck abib bstkr altkak ab vkelr tbþrfnl, abibbstkr `lrcuekak ab tke clal qub sb fosbrtb bo y nlotrfiuyk ke abskrrleel abels nlolnfcfbotls vk knucuekals.

Zubab pkrbnbr bxkgbrkal qub ols abtbogkcls bo bstks foafnknflobs qub pkrbnbo ab sbotfal nlcôo. ^fo bcikrgl, bstë nekrl qub ol bs rkrlbonlotrkrsb nlo bstuafls pleãtfnls qub sb nkrkntbrfzko plr uok pæsfck ‑ yk vbnbs ofoguok ‑ `lrcueknfþo abe prliebck. K cboual, el qub sbfabotf`fnk bs cës be lidbtl ab bstuafl qub els prliebcks y els tbckstbþrfnls fohbrbotbs k æe. Ltrks vbnbs ek `lrcueknfþo abe prliebck bstëkcpefkcbotb fcpeãnftk l afeufak bo cbafl ab ltrls prliebcks ol nbotrkebsl nlo nlosfabrknflobs ab ltrk okturkebzk. Qkcifæo bs `rbnubotb ek

`lrcueknfþo plnl nekrk ab els prliebcks, hbnhk nlo tærcfols kcifguls vsudbtk k cës ab uok fotbrprbtknfþo ab sfgof`fnkal. Bo bstls nksls sbabsnkrgk 'slirb be ebntlr ek pbskak tkrbk ab rbnlostrufr be prliebck 'ab iksbab ek fovbstfgknfþo. Rok ckek `lrcueknfþo abe prliebck rbaunb, pubs, bevkelr nfbotã`fnl abe Qrkikdl bo nukotl bcpbnæ ek nlcuofnknfþofotbrsuidbtfvk ab sus rbsuetkals. Afsplobr nlcl puotl ab pkrtfak ab uo prliebck fcplrtkotb, `lrcuekal ab clal bxpeãnftl, nekrl, bcpãrfnkcbotbnlotrlekieb y tbþrfnkcbotb rbebvkotb sfgof`fnk hkibr pekotbkal ab botrkakab ek cbdlr ckobrk tlak ek fovbstfgknfþo.



Cbtlalelgãk ab ek Fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk 1>

>. Eks bstrktbgfks ab fovbstfgknfþo

Rok `lrcueknfþo nlrrbntk abe prliebck bo be sbotfal bxpubstl cës krrfikl`rbnb ek vbotkdk ab foafnkr yk nlo ek su`fnfbotb nekrfaka quæ uofakabs yquæ prlpfbakabs l nkrkntbrãstfnks ab tkebs uofakabs abibrë tlckr bonlosfabrknfþo ek fovbstfgknfþo. Eks uofakabs slo els tfpls ab lidbtls lknlotbnfcfbotls ab qub sb lnupk uok abtbrcfokak fovbstfgknfþo nfbotã`fnk= plr bdbcpel, bebnnflobs, pkrtfals, afsnursls tbebvfskals, foafvfauls, prlgrkcks bebntlrkebs u ltrls. Eks prlpfbakabs, bo nkcifl, slo eksnkrkntbrãstfnks l eks afcbosflobs ab eks uofakabs qub sb nlosfabrkofcplrtkotbs pkrk ek fovbstfgknfþo. Zlr bdbcpel, pkrk uo bstuafl qub tfbobnlcl uofaka eks bebnnflobs pleãtfnks, uok abtbrcfokak `lrcueknfþo abe prliebck plarãk nlosfabrkr fcplrtkotbs nfbrtks prlpfbakabs ab eksbebnnflobs tkebs nlcl be oôcbrl ab pkrtfals qub pkrtfnfpko bo beeks, besfstbck bebntlrke utfefzkal, ek afcbosfþo cbafk ab eks nfrnuosnrfpnflobs.

@FG. 9.;. ‑ Ek cktr fz ab aktls.




Ek `fgurk 9.; cubstrk ek cktrfz ab aktls qub hky qub nlostrufr cbotke-cbotb pkrk tlak fovbstfgknfþo. Eks nksfeeks fabotf`fnko be bstkal (l be vkelr)ab nkak abtbrcfokak prlpfbaka pkrk nkak uofaka abtbrcfokak.Nlonrbtkcbotb, bo be bdbcpel ab uok fovbstfgknfþo nuyks uofakabs abkoëefsfs sbko els foafvfauls cfbcirls abe Zkrekcbotl y botrb nuyks prlpfbakabs `fgurb su kotfgõbaka pkrekcbotkrfk, bo ek nksfeek ab nrunb abnkak uofaka (foafvfaul) nlo ek nftkak prlpfbaka `fgurkrë be oôcbrl b`bntfvlab kûls qub be foafvfaul hk pkskal bo be Zkrekcbotl (l nukequfbr ltrkcbafak ab bsk kotfgõbaka qub sb hkyk abnfafal utfefzkr) 9.

Ek cktrfz ab els aktls ktrkb nekrkcbotb ek ktbonfþo ‑ foabpboafbotbcbotb abe prliebck ab fovbstfgknfþo k qub sb kpefqub ‑ slirb als prliebcks fofnfkebs4 k) ek bxfstbonfk ab af`brbotbs bstrktbgfksab fovbstfgknfþo sbgôo ek nlcifoknfþo botrb oôcbrl ab uofakabs y oôcbrlab prlpfbakabs qub sb nlosfabrko= i) ek obnbsfaka ab rbkefzkr uok sbebnnfþoab eks uofakabs y ab sus prlpfbakabs fcplrtkotbs pkrk uo bstuafl nlonrbtl.

Be prfcbr prliebck bs uok nubstfþo ab bstrktbgfk ab fovbstfgknfþo= besbguoal bs uo prliebck ab bebnnfþo ab els nksls. Pbkcls be prfcbrl ab elsals. ^bgôo be oôcbrl ab uofakabs y ab sus prlpfbakabs qub sb tlcko bonlosfabrknfþo sb pubabo nlo`fgurkr bsbonfkecbotb als bstrktbgfks

prfonfpkebs ab fovbstfgknfþo. Ek prfcbrk tfbob nkrëntbr fotbosfvl=nlosfabrkoal cuy plnks uofakabs ‑ l sþel uok, ke eãcftb ‑ sb bstuafk bobeeks uo bebvkal oôcbrl ab prlpfbakabs y afcbosflobs. Zkrk `fobsfeustrktfvls plabcls nkrkntbrfzkr bstk bstrktbgfk nlcl tãpfnk abf bo`lqubhfstþrfnl, pbrl sb subeb rbnurrfr k beek tkcifæo bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs, bobspbnfke bo be koëefsfs ab nksls, bstrktbgfk slirb ek qub ols abtboarbcls cëskabekotb. Ek sbguoak bstrktbgfk tfbob nkrëntbr bxtbosfvl bo nukotl qub sbnkrkntbrfzk plr ek tlck bo nlosfabrknfþo ab uok l cuy plnksafcbosflobs/prlpfbakabs bo uo grko oôcbrl ab nksls. Bo su `lrck cësbxtbosk, bstb bs be nksl ab els sloabls ab tfpl Gkeeup, bo els qub, prbnfskcbotb, uo grko oôcbrl ab nfuakakols slo botrbvfstkals slirb uok lkeguoks nubstflobs nlonrbtks, nlcl, plr bdbcpel, sf tfbobo nlo`fkozk bo beeãabr l bo be pkrtfal bo be plabr. Ek `fgurk 9.9 rbsucb bstks plsfiebsbstrktbgfks y plob ab ckof`fbstl eks afrbnnflobs bo qub pubab clvbrsb ekfovbstfgknfþo. Qkcifæo plob ab rbefbvb ltrk afcbosfþo fcplrtkotb= ektbcplrke. Absab bstb puotl ab vfstk ek bstrktbgfk ab fovbstfgknfþo pubabnkef`fnkrsb nlcl sfonrþofnk l afknrþofnk sbgôo qub be bstuafl ab eksuofakabs y ab sus prlpfbakabs sb efcftb k uo fotbrvkel ab tfbcplrbektfvkcbotb nlrtl l kikrqub uo pbrãlal ab tfbcpl ekrgl. Rokfovbstfgknfþo afknrþofnk kucbotk oltkiebcbotb be oôcbrl ab lisbrvknflobsy ab fo`lrcknflobs qub be fovbstfgkalr abib rbnlgbr y kokefzkr, bo nukotlqub els bstkals/vkelrbs, ab eks prlpfbakabs/afcbosflobs ab fls nksls sbclaf`fnko y «vkrãko½ ol sþel ab nksl bo nksl, sfol tkcifæo pkrk be cfsclnksl ab uo pbrãlal tbcplrke k ltrl. Be bdbcpel cës nlolnfal ab bstrktbgfksab fovbstfgknflobs afknrþofnks bs be ab els bstuafls slirb be abskrrleel y ekclabrofzknfþo.

Eks afvbrsks nlcifoknflobs plsfiebs cubstrko ek rfnk vkrfbaka abbstrktbgfks plsfiebs ab fovbstfgknfþo. Okturkecbotb, ol tlaks slo pbrsbgufiebs nlo ek cfsck `knfefaka y, slirb tlal, ol tlaks sfrvbo k elscfscls `fobs. Bxfstb uok rbeknfþo fovbrsk botrb be oôcbrl ab nksls y ab prlpfbakabs bo be sbotfal ab qub, sf sb

9 GKEQROG, D., Qhblry koa Cbthlas l` ^lnfke Ybsbkrnh, Lsel,Rofvbrsftbts̀ lrekgbt, ;607.



@ÃG. 99. ‑ Cktrfz ab aktls y bstrktbgfks ab fovbstfgknfþo.

bxtfboab nlosfabrkiebcbotb be oôcbrl ab uofakabs, pkrk ckotbobr ek plsfifefaka ab nlotrlekr cbotkecbotb ek fovbstfgknfþo bs obnbskrfl efcftkrbe koëefsfs k uo oôcbrl rbektfvkcbotb rbaunfal ab prlpfbakabs. Vvfnbvbrsk, sf sb qufbrbo nlosfabrkr nukotks cës prlpfbakabs sbk plsfieb abek uofaka, bs obnbskrfl efcftkr oubstrl bstuafl k plnks uofakabs l k uokslek. Ek eþgfnk bs sfcpebcbotb ek ab els eãcftbs huckols ab rbnursls`ãsfnls y cbotkebs. Ro bstuafl qub tlcb bo nlosfabrknfþo cunhls nksls y prlpfbakabs bo uo kcpefl ckrnl tbcplrke rbsuetk af`ãnfecbotb lrgkofzkieby nlotrlekieb foneusl pkrk uo bqufpl ab fovbstfgkalrbs, foneusl nlo ek

kyuak qub hly sb ols l`rbnb ab ek plsfifefaka ab rbnurrfr k lrabokalrbs pkrk lrgkofzkr grkoabs nkotfakabs ab aktls b fo`lrcknflobs.

Cbtlalelgãk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk 12



10 ^tb`kol I krtle fo f

Be bsnlgbr uok bstrktbgfk cës l cbols fotbosfvk l bxtbosfvk, afknrþofnkl sfonrþofnk abpboab, kabcës ab nlosfabrknflobs prëntfnks ab grkofcplrtkonfk, ab elk `fobs ab ek fovbstfgknfþo. ^b pubab qubrbr bstuafkr uokslek uofaka plr ek sbonfeek rkzþo ab qub bs prbnfskcbotb bsk ek qub sbqufbrb nlolnbr abe clal cës prl`uoal plsfieb. ^f, bo nkcifl, qubrbcls

eebgkr k nloneusflobs cës gbobrkebs sb brb uo `boþcbol ‑

plr bdbcpel, uonfbrtl tfpl ab rægfcbo pleãtfnl ‑ , bstuafkr sb el uol ab beels suplobrbstrfnnflobs bolrcbs bo el qub sb rb`fbrb k ek plsfifefaka nb gbobrkefzkr kltrls nksls eks nloneusflobs k qub sb eebgk. Eks fovbstfgknflobs cuyfotbosfvks tboarëo, bo gbobrke, plnk nkpknfaka ab `lrcuekr prlpubstksgbobrkebs< cfbotrks qub eks cuy bxtbosfvks ol plarëo bxkcfokr uo oôcbrlel su`fnfbotbcbotb ketl ab prlpfbakabs qub pbrcftk nlotrlekr tlaks eksnloafnflobs fcplrtkotbs abe nlotbxtl>. Plevbrbcls slirb bstls prliebckscës kcpefkcbotb bo ek pkrtb abafnkak k eks rbeknflobs botrb vkrfkiebs y kels cætlals ab nlotrle. Bo nukequfbr nksl, eks afstfotks bstrktbgfks abfovbstfgknfþo ol bstëo nlonbifaks bo tærcfols nlotrkafntlrfls ofketbroktfvls. ^b pubab tbobr qub rbnurrfr k afstfotks bstrktbgks foneusl bo uocfscl bstuafl sbgôo be tfpl ab `ubotbs l ab rbnursls ab qub sb afsplogk.Hfpþtbsfs qub surgbo ab fovbstfgknflobs ab uo tfpl pubabo sbr slcbtfaksk nlotrle ab fovbstfgknflobs ikskaks bo bstrktbgfks af`brbotbs.

1. Ek bebnnfþo ab els nksls

Nukequfbrk qub sbk ek bstrktbgfk ab fovbstfgknfþo bsnlgfak ab kotbckol,sf be oôcbrl ab uofakabs bs ckylr ab uol pubab surgfr ek obnbsfaka abefcftkr be bstuafl k keguoks ab beeks= bs abnfr, ab sbebnnflokr abe uofvbrslab uofakabs pltbonfkebs uo oôcbrl rbaunfal ab beeks qub sbrëo els nkslsbspbnã`fnls ab ek fovbstfgknfþo. Ol tfbob ofogôo vkelr fotrãosbnl be efcftkrbe oôcbrl ab nksls bstuafkals rbspbntl k eks uofakabs abe uofvbrsl sf ol bsbe prëntfnl ab khlrrkr rbnursls y plabr sbgufr bstrktbgfks ab fovbstfgknfþocës fotbosfvks. ^fbcprb qub sbk plsfieb y absbkieb bstë ifbo bstuafkr beuofvbrsl ab eks uofakabs, ^fo bcikrgl, nkak vbz qub k sftuknfþo fcplobqub sb nbotrb ek fovbstfgknfþo slirb uo oôcbrl ab uofakabs abe uofvbrsl sb pekotbko als prliebcks4 k) be ab nuëotls nksls sb vko k lisbrvkr oôcbrlab nksls)= i) be ab quæ nksls sb vko k lisbrvkr (tfpl ab nksls).

Ek bebnnfþo ab els nksls, pubs, k`bntk k ek abtbrcfoknfþo ab quæ ynuëotks lisbrvknflobs tfbobo qub hknbrsb nukoal ol bs plsfieb lnlovbofbotb hknbr tlaks eks qub fabkecbotb sbrãk absbkieb. Cbafkotb bstkbebnnfþo sb rbaunbo els nlstbs nb ek fovbstfgknfþo, pbrl sb pekotbkfobvftkiebcbotb uo prliebck kafnfloke qub sb rb`fbrb k ek plsfifefaka abgbobrkefzkr ke uofvbrsl ab eks uofakabs eks prlpubstks bxprbskaks plr ekcubstrk ab els nksls 1.

Bstb prliebck tfbob sleunflobs sktfs`kntlrfks nukoal lpbrkcls slirbgrkoabs krkobrls. Botlonbs plabcls rbnurrfr k afvbrsks tænofnksbstkaãstfnks ab cubstrbl qub, slirb ek iksb ab eks tblrãks ab ek prlikifefaka, cfofcfzko ek afcbosfþo ab ek cubstrk (oôcbrl ab nksls) borbeknfþo k uo abtbrcfokal ofvbe ab prlikifefaka ab brrlr ab eksbstfcknflobs qub sb pubabo litbobr ab beek rbspbntl k els vkelrbs b`bntfvlsabe uofvbrsl. Bo ltrks pkekirks, ek eþgfnk ab eks tænofnks bstkaãstfnks abcubstrbl bs ek ab lptfcfzkr ek rbeknfþo botrb oôcbrl ab nksls k kokefzkr ybe brrlr ab bstfcknfþo qub pubab prlvlnkr 2.

> GKEQROG, D. Qhblry koa Cbthlas..., lp. nft.

1 KNML@@, Y. EC Qhb ^nfbotfdfn Cbthla. Lpffcfzfog Kppefba Ybsbkrnh Abnfsflos, Oubvk Vlrm, Dlho Wfeby koa ^los, ;609.




Nlo `rbnubonfk, sfo bcikrgl, y slirb tlal plr cunhls prliebckstãpfnls ab ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk, ol bs plsfieb l nlovbofbotb rbnurrfr kbstks tænofnks ab bebnnfþo ab nksls. ^b abib, pubs, rbnurrfr k ltrls cbafls pkrk litbobr uok cubstrk rbprbsbotktfvk, l ifbo kikoalokr sfcpebcbotbbstb lidbtfvl y sbebnnflokr els nksls bo iksb k nrftbrfls bspbnã`fnls ab ol

rbprbsbotktfvfaka. Bo b`bntl, bo cunhks sftuknflobs, be uofvbrsl ab eksuofakabs bs tko rbstrfogfal y/l be oôcbrl ab els nksls qub ab hbnhl plabcls bstuafkr bs tko ikdl qub uok cubstrk bstkieb-nfak k pkrtfr abrbgeks prëntfnks qub guãko be dufnfl ab bebnnfþo abe fovbstfgkalr pubab akrbrrlrbs ab cubstrbl fo`brflrbs k els qub, bo be cfscl nksl, sb prlaunfrãkonlo uok cubstrk prlikifeãstfnk. Bo bstk hfpþtbsfs, pubs, ek bebnnfþo abeoôcbrl y abe tfpl ab nksls bs uo prlnbafcfbotl ikskal bo be sbotfalnlcôo y bo nrftbrfls prkgcëtfnls, pbrl bo be qub tkcifæo hky qub rbspbtkrnfbrtks rbgeks.

^b pubab iusnkr ek rbprbsbotktfvfaka ab els nksls bsnlgfals cbafkotbsu sbebnnfþo bo iksb k ek neksf`fnknfþo ab eks uofakabs sbgôo keguoks absus prlpfbakabs, ab clal qub be suigrupl ab nksls sbk «tãpfnl½ abeuofvbrsl rbspbntl k beeks. ^b pubab sf ol, y cës `ënfecbotb, rbouonfkr k ekrbprbsbotktfvfaka (y nlo beek k ek plsfifefaka ab gbobrkefzkr ke uofvbrsl elsrbsuetkals litbofals) k `kvlr ab bebgfr nksls nkrkntbrfzkals plr uok olrbprbsbotktfvfaka abefibrkak bo rbeknfþo k `fobs bspbnã`fnls ab ekfovbstfgknfþo. Bo bspbnfke, bs fcplrtkotb suirkykr uo nrftbrfl ab bebnnfþoab bxnbpnfloke rbebvkonfk pkrk ek fovbstfgknfþo nlcpkrkak4 be ab ekhlclgbobfaka/hbtbrlgbobfaka ab els nksls. Rok cubstrk bs hbtbrlgæobkbo ek cbafak bo qub nlotfbob nksls nlo uok ketk afspbrsfþo abvkelrbs/bstkals pkrk uok l cës ab eks prlpfbakabs qub fotbrbsko= plr benlotrkrfl, bs hlclgæobk nukoal ek afspbrsfþo bs ikdk l ouek. ^b pubabo, pubs, nlcplobr cubstrks «kabnukaks½ ol rbprbsbotktfvks abe uofvbrsl,nkrkntbrfzkaks plr afvbrsks nlcifoknflobs ab hlcl-gbobfaka/hbtbrlgbobfaka bo keguoks prlpfbakabs.

Ro bdbcpel pubab feustrkr bo sãotbsfs eks afstfotks lpnflobs plsfiebs. ^fqubrbcls bstuafkr eks nkusks ab ek pkrtfnfpknfþo bebntlrke bo els pkãsbsabclnrëtfnls, sb pubab abnfafr bstuafkr uok cubstrk ab nkslsrbprbsbotktfvls ab els afstfotls ofvbebs ab pkrtfnfpknfþo qub sb ako abhbnhl= tkcifæo sb pubabo bebgfr nksls hlclgæobls bo rbeknfþo ke prliebck, l sbk nkrkntbrfzkals plr ofvbebs sfcfekrbs ab pkrtfnfpknfþo= l

ifbo uok sbrfb ab nksls bo els qub ek hbtbrlgbobfaka sbk cëxfck, bs abnfr,nksls bxtrbcls ab ketãsfck y/l ikdãsfck pkrtfnfpknfþo (nksls absvfkotbsrbspbntl ke uofvbrsl). Livfkcbotb, rbspbntl k bstks afvbrsks bstrktbgfks, ekfovbstfgknfþo ab eks nkusks ab els afstfotls ofvbebs ab pkrtfnfpknfþobebntlrke sb pekotbk bo tærcfols af`brbotbs. Bo be prfcbr bdbcpel sbfotbotkrë ab`fofr prlpfbakabs qub ksucbo bstkals/vkelrbs afstfotls bo elsnksls y nuyk vkrfknfþo pubab bxpefnkr ek ab els ofvbebs ab pkrtfnfpknfþobebntlrke. Bo be sbguoal bdbcpel iusnkrbcls slirb tlal kqubeeks prlpfbakabs nlcuobs k els nksls qub pubako bxpefnkr su hlclgbobfaka botærcfols ab pkrtfnfpknfþo bebntlrke. Zlr ôetfcl, bo be bdbcpel ab els nkslsbxtrbcls y absvfkotbs sb iusnkrëo kqubeeks prlpfbakabs ab els nksls qubrbsuetko tko ôofnks y bxnbpnflokebs nlcl pkrk bxpefnkr ek absvfknfþo abels cfscls nksls rbspbntl k ek cbafk abe `boþcbol.

Bstk plsfifefaka ab ckxfcfzkr l cfofcfzkr ek vkrfkozk cbafkotb ekbebnnfþo ab els nksls bs kpefnkieb tkotl ke prliebck bo nubstfþo (ofvbebsab pkrtfnfpknfþo

2 KNML@@, Y. E., Qhb Absfgo l` ^lnfke Ybsbkrnh, Nhfnkgl, Rofvbrsfty l`Nhfnkgl Zrbss, ;602.




bebntlrke, bo be bdbcpel) nlcl k eks ltrks prlpfbakabs ab els nksls qub sbbxkcfoko y qub sb nlosfabrko nkusks plsfiebs ab ek prfcbrk. Ksã pubs, ekab`fofnfþo ab ek plieknfþo ab els nksls libabnb k eþgfnks afstfotks sbgôoek okturkebzk abe afsbûl ab ek fovbstfgknfþo y eks nubstflobs k eks qub sbqufbrk akr rbspubstk. Plevbrbcls cës bo abtkeeb slirb bstb puotl bo eks

sbnnflobs qub trktko be prliebck ab bstkiebnbr y nlotrlekr rbeknflobs botrbeks prlpfbakabs ab els nksls.Be cfscl prliebck sb pekotbk bo ek sbebnnfþo ab eks afcbosflobs

pltbonfke-cbotb rbebvkotbs pkrk ek fovbstfgknfþo nlonrbtk. Zkrk nkak nkslhky uo uofvbrsl fo`foftl ab afcbosflobs qub rbprbsbotko tlal el qub sb pubab prbafnkr rbspbntl k æe. ^f els nksls bo bxkcbo slo, plr bdbcpel,foafvfauls, eks prlpfbakabs qub sb foneuybo olrckecbotb bo tlals elsbstuafls slirb nlcplrtkcfbotl y eks kntftuabs ab els foafvfauls slo, bogbobrke, sbxl, baka, lnupknfþo, fostrunnfþo, btn. Zbrl pkrk nkak prliebckabtbrcfokal ab fovbstfgknfþo pubabo tbobr fcplrtkonfk ltrks cunhks prlpfbakabs= plr bdbcpel, ek tbobonfk "l ol ab uo tbebvfslr, be hbnhl abhkibr pkrtfnfpkal l ol bo ek Ybsfstbonfk pkrtfskok y ksã sunbsfvkcbotb bouok sbrfb qub bs fo`foftk. Ltrl tkotl lnurrb sf bo vbz ab foafvfauls sbbstuafko kgrbgkals slnfkebs l fostftunflobs. Ab bstb fo`foftl uofvbrsl abktrfiutls ab nkak uofaka hky qub sbebnnflokr obnbskrfkcbotb uo oôcbrl

rbektfvkcbotb rbaunfal ab prlpfbakabs nlosfabrkaks bspbnfkecbotbfcplrtkotbs rbspbntl ke prliebck bspbnã`fnl ab fovbstfgknfþo `lrcuekal.Zkrk bstb pksl ab ek fovbstfgknfþo ol bxfstbo nrftbrfls prbnfsls ab guãk.Rok prfcbrk sbebnnfþo ab eks plsfiebs vkrfkiebs fcplrtkotbs, bs abnfr,altkaks ab uo pkpbe sfgof`fnktfvl rbspbntl kf `boþcbol lidbtl ab bstuafl,vfbob gufkak bo gbobrke plr abtbrcfokaks ksuonflobs hburãstfnks, plrnlolnfcfbotls hbrbakals l plr rbnlolnfcfbotls ab fovbstfgknfþo.

Qrktkrbcls cës bo abtkeeb bstls prliebcks bo els kpkrtkals sfgufbotbs.Kotbs hky qub prbstkr ek abifak ktbonfþo ke fcplrtkotb prliebck ab ek`lrcknfþo y trktkcfbotl ab els nlonbptls. Ab hbnhl, el qub hkstk khlrkhbcls eekckal «nksls½ y sus «prlpfbakabs½ slo livfkcbotb nlonbptls kels qub rbnurrfcls pkrk foafnkr cës l cbols afrbntkcbotb rb`brbotbsbcpãrfnls= bs abnfr, hbnhls, knlotbnfcfbotls, bstrunturks, kntfvfakabs,nlcplrtkcfbotls. Be prliebck ab rbeknfþo botrb nlonbptls y rb`brbotbslisbrvkiebs bs ab prfclrafke fcplrtkonfk pkrk ek fovbstfgknfþo qub

prbtboab sbr bcpãrfnk. K`frckr qub sb fotbotko bstuafkr keguols pkrtfals pleãtfnls (nksls) pkrk bvkeukr ek rbeknfþo bxfstbotb botrb su `ubrzklrgkofzktfvk y su kplyl bebntlrke (prlpfbakabs) suplob bstkiebnbr uokrbeknfþo botrb abtbrcfokals nlonbptls y abtbrcfokals `boþcbols rbkebs.Bsk rbeknfþo ol abdk ab tbobr prliebcks. Zlr be nlotrkrfl, pkrk qub sbbstkiebznk rbqufbrb prlnbsls ab ab`fofnfþo, trktkcfbotl y lpbrktfvfzknfþo abels cfscls nlonbptls pkrk trkos`lrckrels bo nlotbobalrbs ol bquãvlnls abels nftkals `boþcbols rbkebs.

2. @lrcknfþo ab els nlonbptls

Eks bxfgbonfks ab nekrfaka bo ek `lrcueknfþo ab els prliebcks pekotbkouok af`fnuetka qub suiyknb bo tlaks eks `ksbs ab ek fovbstfgknfþo, ek abeebogukdb ab eks nfbonfks huckoks y ab ek `lrcknfþo ab sus nlonbptls. Els

nlonbptls k qub rbnurrbo olrckecbotb eks nfbonfks huckoks sloutfefzkals, bo su ckylrãk, nlrrfbotbcbotb bo be ebogukdb nlcôo. Be prliebck ab su nekrfaka y uofvlnfaka ab sfgof`fnkal ol pubab plr tkotlakrsb plr absnlotkal, sfol qub tfbob qub k`rlotkrsb prflrftkrfkcbotb bonkak uol ab els pksls ab ek fovbstfgknfþo.



Cbtlalelgãk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk

Els nlonbptls ab els qub ols sbrvfcls bo ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnl-slnfke slo ab als tfpls4 bcpãrfnls (u lisbrvkiebs) y tbþrfnls (l ollisbrvkiebs). Els prfcb-rls slo nlonbptls qub pubabo rb`brfrsb, ab uokckobrk cës l cbols afrbntk, k `boþcbols lisbrvkiebs. Els sbguoals, plrbe nlotrkrfl, ol slo rbnloaunfiebs bo clal keguol k rb`brbotbs

lisbrvkiebs. Bsls nlonbptls ‑

nlcl, plr bdbcpel, ebs ab sfstbck,bqufefirfl, `bba-iknm ‑ tfbobo be pkpbe ab boekzkr eks tblrfzknflobs y sþelslo ab`fofiebs bo rb`brbonfk k bsk ùonfþo bo ek tblrãk qub hknb usl abbeels.

Bo be ebogukdb ab eks nfbonfks slnfkebs slo bspbnfkecbotb fcplrtkotbsels nlonbptls bcpãrfnls, els qub tfbobo rb`brbotbs cës l cbols afrbntls absu sfgof`fnkal bo ek bxpbrfbonfk sboslrfke= slo els qub sb pubabo rb`brfr knlsks lisbrvkiebs. Akal qub els sfgof`fnkals ab tkebs nlonbptls tfbobo booubstrk cbotb ek `lrck ab pkekirks y, k su vbz, sb rb`fbrbo k uo nloduotlab lidbtls, ab rb`brbotbs, sb pekotbko als prliebcks ab `loal4 ;) sf uoabtbrcfokal sãcilel (pkekirk) rbèbdk kabnukakcbotb be sfgof`fnkal ab uonlonbptl= y 9) sf uo nlonbptl rbèbdk kabnukakcbotb els lidbtls l eks prlpfbakabs ab els lidbtls qub fotbotk rbèbdkr. Be prfcbrl bs be prliebckab ek kcifgõbaka ab els nlonbptls. Afsplobcls ab plnks pkekirks pkrkcunhls sfgof`fnkals, ksã qub nlo `rbnubonfk uok pkekirk tfbob vkrflssfgof`fnkals. Bo be ebogukdb nlcôo bstk pkrqubaka ab tærcfols rbspbntl kfls sfgof`fnkals pubab tbobr foneusl kspbntls plsftfvls, pbrl bo uoebogukdb nfbotã`fnl nlrrb be rfbsgl ab gbobrkr uok oltkieb nloùsfþonlonbptuke. Be sbguoal prliebck bs be ab ek vkgubaka abe nlonbptl= be abnlonbptls qub ol foafnko nlo ek su`fnfbotb nekrfaka su prlpfl rb`brbotb, eksnlsks k qub sb rb`fbrbo 0.

Zrflrftkrfkcbotb, pubs, ke nlcfbozl ab nkak rbnlgfak ab aktls y abfo`lrcknflobs fcplrtkotbs, ek fovbstfgknfþo nfbotã`fnk bxfgb uo bsùbrzlkokeãtfnl ab `lrcueknflobs y ab`fofnflobs ab nlonbptls nlo els qubfoafnkcls eks uofakabs ab fovbstfgknfþo y kqubeeks ab botrb sus prlpfbakabs qub ols fotbrbsko. ^fo bstb bsùbrzl prbvfl nkak fovbstfgkalr plarãk abdkrsb gufkr bo ek ab`fofnfþo ab sus nlonbptls plr be sbotfalnlcôo y rbnlgbr sus fo`lrcknflobs k pkrtfr abe obxl qub hk bstkiebnfalbotrb els nlonbptls y ek rbkefaka. Zbrl bsb prlnbafcfbotl rbaunb nekrk-cbotb ek fotbrsuidbtfvfaka ab els rbsuetkals kenkozkals, abifal k ekkcifgõbaka ab els tærcfols, y pekotbk krauls prliebcks bo be trkosnursl

ab ek fovbstfgknfþo.Zkrk hknbr `rbotb ke prliebck ab ek `lrcknfþo ab nlonbptls bcpãrfnls,uok prfcbrk rbgek ab lrl bs ek ab rbnurrfr bxpeãnftkcbotb k ab`fofnflobsvbrikebs (l abnekrktfvks) qub befcfoko ek kcifgõbaka abe tærcfol,knekrkoal ab botrb els afstfotls sfgof`fnkals plsfiebs be sbebnnflokal prbvfkcbotb y qub sb ckotboarë k el ekrgl ab ek fovbstfgknfþo. Bo bstlsnksls, foneusl pkrk nlonbptls nuyl sfgof`fnkal pkrbznk nloslefakal, pubabsbr ôtfe y obnbskrfl rbnurrfr k eks ab`fofnflobs ebxfnlgrë`fnks qub sb pubabobonlotrkr bo els afnnflokrfls, qub nbrtf`fnko be sfgof`fnkal ab nkak tærcfolrb`brfal bxneusfvkcbotb ke usl qub sb vfbob hknfboal ab æe bo uo nlotbxtlakal. Bstb rbnursl sfrvb ke cbols pkrk bstkiebnbr sf ek knbpnfþo abesfgof`fnkal qub qubrbcls utfefzkr nlrrbsploab k ek prbalcfokotbcbotbusuke l sf sb kebdk ab beek y obnbsftk botlonbs uok ckylr bspbnf`fnknfþo.

Bs bvfabotb qub nkak prlnbsl ab ab`fofnfþo rbnurrb k ltrls tærcfols ynlonbptls, nuyk ab`fofnfþo eebvk k rbtrlnbabr bo uo prlnbsl sfo `fo. Ek iôsqubak ab uok sleunfþo k bstb prliebck bo ek fabotf`fnknfþo ab«tærcfols prfcftfvls½ nuyl sfgof`fnkal ol obnbsftk ab`fofnfþo y qub plrel tkotl sb pubabo uskr bo ek ab`fofnfþo ab ltrls nlonbptls, ol hk akalrbsuetkals sktfs`kntlrfls. Zbrl be rbnlolnbr qub bxfstb bstb prliebck olabib ebgftfckr be rbnhkzl ab tlal fotbotl ab ab`fofnfþo prbnfsk y nlrrbntkab els tærcfols, of abskebotkr be rbnursl k prlnbsls ab ab`fofnfþo nuylstærcfols tbogko uo sfgof`fnkal nekrl, plr el cbols cës nekrl qub betærcfol qub qubrbcls ab`fofr 7.

0 ^KYQLYF, G., Ek Zleãtfnk. Eþgfnk b cætlal fo snfbozb slnfkef. Cfeëo,ûgkrNl., ;676.



2: ^tb`kol Ikrtleãoe

0. Bsnkek ab kistrknnfþo

Ab tlal el afnhl sb absprboab qub els nlonbptls utfefzkals bo ekfovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk ol slo botfakabs kisleutkcbotb foabpboafbotbs, sfol

qub nkib nlonbifr su nlelnknfþo k el ekrgl ab uok bsnkek ab kistrknnfþoslirb ek iksb ab ek rbeknfþo qub efgk pkrk nkak uol ab beels su sfgof`fnkal,botboafal nlcl be nloduotl ab eks nkrkntbrãstfnks y prlpfbakabs qub elnlostftuybo, nlo su sfgof`fnkal, botboafal nlcl be nloduotl ab lidbtls,`boþcbols, knlotbnfcfbotls k els qub sb kpefnk be nlonbptl. Be prfcbrsfgof`fnkal ab uo nlonbptl sb foafnk trkafnflokecbotb nlcl su nlooltknfþo(l fotbosfþo)= be sbguoal, nlcl su aboltknfþo (l bxtbosfþo).

^bgôo ek rbeknfþo qub bxfstb botrb ek fotbosfþo y ek bxtbosfþo ab susfgof`fnkal, nkak nlonbptl sb pubab nlelnkr k afvbrsls ofvbebs abkistrknnfþo. Cës bo pkrtfnuekr, abib bxfstfr uok rbeknfþo fovbrsk botrb eksals4 bs abnfr, qub nukotl cës ketk sbk ek fotbosfþo ab uo nlonbptl, tkotlcës ikdk rbsuetk su bxtbosfþo. Bo ltrks pkekirks, nukotl cës rfnl ybspbnã`fnl sbk be bebonl ab eks nkrkntbrãstfnks y prlpfbakabs ab uo nlonbptl,cës rbaunfak bs ek neksb ab lidbtls k els qub pubab kpefnkrsb be nlonbptl. Vke rbvæs, nukotl cës rbaunfak sbk ek bspbnf`fnknfþo ab eks nkrkntbrãstfnks y prlpfbakabs abe nlonbptl, tkotl cës kcpefl sbrë be nloduotl. ab lidbtls kels qub pubab rb`brfrsb. Ksã pubs, els nlonbptls lisbrvkiebs pubabo uskrsbbo uo sfgof`fnkal cuy kistrkntl, bo rb`brbonfk k uo kcpefl nloduotl ablidbtls (fotbosfþo cãofck-bxtbosfþo cëxfck)= l ifbo ab clal cuynlonrbtl y bspbnã`fnl, bo rb`brbonfk k uo nloduotl ab knlotbnfcfbotls yhbnhls u lidbtls efcftkal. ^b pubab foneusl eebgkr k nlonbptls fablgrë`fnls,nlo uok bspbnf`fnknfþo ab eks nkrkntbrãstfnks y prlpfbakabs abe nlonbptl tkokcpefk y prbnfsk (cëxfck fotbosfþo) qub be nlonbptl rbsuetk kpefnkieb k uoslel nksl (bxtbosfþo cãofck)8.

Zubab sbr ôtfe plobr uo bdbcpel. Qlcbcls uo nlonbptl nlcl be«nefbotbefscl½. ^b pubab ab`fofr nlo uok fotbosfþo tko ikdk ‑ bs abnfr, ktrkvæs ab ek fabotf`fnknfþo ab uoks plnks ab sus nkrkntbrãstfnks y prlpfbakabs ‑ qub sbk kpefnkieb k uok grko nkotfaka ab nlcplrtkcfbotlsbo tlals els sfstbcks pleãtfnls abe cuoal. Zlr be nlotrkrfl, plabclskucbotkr ek bspbnf`fnfaka y be oôcbrl ab prlpfbakabs abe nlonbptl ab tkeckobrk qub sbk kpefnkieb y kikrqub sþel kqubeels `boþcbols ab

nefbotbefscl pleãtfnl qub sb pbrnfibo nlcl tkebs bo ek nueturk pleãtfnkknnfabotke. Qkcifæo plabcls kucbotkr kôo cës ek fotbosfþo abe nlonbptlkûkafboal ltrks prlpfbakabs qub el hkgko kpefnkieb sþel k els `boþcbolsbspbnã`fnls ab nefbotbefscl ab Ftkefk= plabcls, plr ôetfcl, eebgkr knkrkntbrãstfnks ab bspbnf`fnknfþo absnrfptfvk tkebs qub hkgko ke nlonbptlkpefnkieb k uo ôofnl nksl nlonrbtl ab nlcplrtkcfbotl nefbotbekr. Bstbbdbcpel sþel tfbob nkrëntbr foafnktfvl. Ol sfbcprb be cfscl nlonbptl pubab utfefzkrsb k el ekrgl ab tlak ek bsnkek ab afstrknnfþo y k vbnbsnlovfbob rbnurrfr k afvbrsls tærcfols pkrk foafnkr afstfotks nlo`fgurknflobsfotbosfvks ab uo nlonbptl gbobrke.

Els nlonbptls lrgkofzkals ab bstb clal vbrtfnke nlrrbsploabo, pubs, kafstfotls ofvbebs ab koëefsfs tbþrfnl. Bo tlak fovbstfgknfþo bs prbnfslbstkiebnbr k quæ ofvbe ab kistrknnfþo qubrbcls nlelnkr oubstrl kpkrktlnlonbptuke pkrk bvftkr els pbefgrls ab uskr nlonbptls k uo ofvbe olkprlpfkal nlo rbspbntl k su ab`fofnfþo.

7 Y ÃGG^. @., Qhb Abdfoftflo l` Nlonbpts, bo ^KYQLYF, G.= Y FGG^, @., yQBROB, H., Qlwbr 4• Ikibe, Zfttsilurgh, Fotbroktfloke ^tuay Ksslnfktflo,;672, pp. >6-70. 8 ^KYQLYF, G., Ek Zleãtfnk..., lp. nft.



Cbtlalelgãk ab ek fovbstfgkalr! pleãtfnk 2;

Ek rbgek qub sb tfbob qub rbspbtkr bs ek nftkak cës krrfik ab ek rbeknfþofovbrsk botrb fotbosfþo y bxtbosfþo. Ab hbnhl, kcpefkr ek bxtbosfþo ab uonlonbptl sfo rbaunfr bo ek cfsck cbafak su fotbosfþo (bs abnfr, susnkrkntbrãstfnks y prlpfbakabs abe sfgof`fnkal), l vfnbvbrsk, prlvlnknlo`usfþo. Eks nlosbnubonfks prëntfnks ab bstb prliebck rbsuetkrëo cës

nekrks ke trktkr els brrlrbs ab vkefabz ab els prlnbsls ab lpbrktfvfzknfþo abels nlonbptls. Bstb prliebck rbsuetk bspbnfkecbotb grkvb bo els koëefsfsnlcpkrkals ab kcpefl kenkonb, bo els qub sb trkos`fbrbo nlonbptls tãpfnlsab uo ërbk nueturke l pleãtfnk - y plr tkotl nueturkecbotb nkrgkals ab uoknfbrtk fotbosfþo ab sfgof`fnkal ‑ k ërbks afstfotks.

"Zlr ôetfcl hky qub sbûkekr qub nukotl cës ketl sbk be ofvbe abkistrknnfþo bo be qub sb nlelnk uo nlonbptl tkotl cës vkstl, y plr beelcbols ab`fofal y prbnfsl, bs be nloduotl ab lidbtls ke qub sb kpefnk.Nukotl cës ikdl sbk be ofvbe ab kistrknnfþo, pubs, tkotl ckylr sbrë ek prbnfsfþo nlo qub sb foafnko sus rb`brbotbs, su nkpknfaka bcpãrfnk.Qkcifæo kquã uo bdbcpel pubab sbr ôtfe. ^f ab`fofcls be nlonbptl ab«pkrtfal pleãtfnl½ nlcl «uo grupl lrgkofzkal qub nlcpftb plr be plabr pleãtfnl½, bsk ab`fofnfþo bs tko plnl fotbosfvk qub be uofvbrsl ab rb`brbotbsbcpãrfnls qub kikrnk sbrë cuy kcpefl. Botrkrëo bo æe, plr supubstl, ekslrgkofzknflobs qub nlosfabrkcls olrckecbotb nlcl pkrtfals pleãtfnls,

pbrl duotl k beels cunhks ltrks nlsks, nlcl, plr bdbcpel, lrgkofzknflobstbrrlrfstks y sbnrbtks, abtbrcfokals grupls ab prbsfþo, y hkstk eks `ubrzkskrckaks bo nfbrtls nksls. Zlabcls kucbotkr ek fotbosfþo abe nlonbptlcbafkotb uo fonrbcbotl ab sus ktrfiutls, plr bdbcpel kûkafboal qub eknlcpbtfnfþo plr be plabr sb rbkefzk «prbsbotkoal nkoafaktls k eks bebnnflobsab nkrgls pôiefnls½. Bstl rbaunfrë kutlcëtfnkcbotb su bxtbosfþo bcpãrfnk,bxneuyboal nekrkcbotb tlaks eks ltrks lrgkofzknflobs nftkaks krrfik.Zlarãkcls sbgufr plr bstb nkcfol kûkafboal qub eks bebnnflobs abibo sbr abtfpl-«nlcpbtftfvl½, bxneuyboal, bo bstb nksl, k els pkrtfals ôofnls abenkcpl ab rb`brbotbs bcpãrfnls abe nlonbptl.

7. Foafnkalrbs y ab`fofnflobs lpbrktfvks

Eks ab`fofnflobs vbrikebs (l abnekrktfvks) ol rbsubevbo abe tlal be

prliebck. Cbdlr afnhl, rbsubevbo be prliebck ab ek rbeknfþo botrb pkekirk/tærcfol y sfgof`fnkal, pbrl ol be ab ek rbeknfþosfgof`fnkal-rb`brbotb. Ab hbnhl, nlcl hbcls afnhl, els nlonbptlslisbrvkiebs tfbobo qub tbobr uok rbeknfþo nlo els rb`brbotbs bcpãrfnls k elsqub sb rb`fbrbo. Qfbobo qub sbr nlotbobalrbs qub bspbnf`fqubo els lidbtls kels qub sb rb`fbrbo y qub kikrnko bo su sfgof`fnkal. Bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs, pkrk ek ckylr pkrtb ab els nlonbptls ‑ foneusl pkrk els `lrcuekals nlocës nufakal y nekrfaka ‑ eks ab`fofnflobs abnekrktfvks ol pbrcftbo kffovbstfgkalr duzgkr of vbr nlo prbnfsfþo el qub sb foafnk bcpãrfnkcbotb yel qub ol. Cunhls ab bstls nlonbptls slo tko gbobrkebs y ab tko bebvkalofvbe ab kistrknnfþo qub bs af`ãnfe sknkr ab sus ab`fofnflobs sbcëotfnksnrftbrfls vëefals pkrk fabotf`fnkr els rb`brbotbs bcpãrfnls. Zkrk nleckr bstkafstkonfk botrb fotbosfþo ab uo sfgof`fnkal nlonbptuke y sus rb`brbotbsbcpãrfnls hky qub akr keguols pksls fotbrcbafls. Bsls pksls slo ekfabotf`fnknfþo ab foafnkalrbs ab els nlonbptls y ab ab`fofnflobs lpbrktfvks.Ek bebnnfþo ab foafnkalrbs y ab`fofnflobs lpbrktfvks ab els nlonbptls bsuol ab els clcbotls cës nlcpebdls ab ek fovbstfgknfþo.




Ek ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk ab uo nlonbptl bs uo tfpl ab ab`fofnfþo qubfonlrplrk bo su fotbrflr ek bspbnf`fnknfþo abe nkcpl ab rb`brbotbs bcpãrfnlsabe nlonbptl. Bstë altkak ab uok sbrfb ab fostrunnflobs qub foafnko nþclsb prlplob btfqubtkr, cbafr l fabotf`fnkr be nlonbptl akal 6. Qlcbcls, ktãtuel ab bdbcpel, be nlonbptl ab «afsnfpefok pkrekcbotkrfk½ ab uo pkrtfal,

qub ol sb prbstk plr sã slel ‑

plr cuy nekrk y uoãvlnk qub sbk ek ab`fofnfþosbcëotfnk ab els tærcfols «afsnfpefok½ y «pkrekcbotl½ ‑ k sbr lisbrvkalafrbntkcbotb. Rok plsfieb lpbrktfvfzknfþo ab tke nlonbptl bs ek `rbnubonfknlo qub sus cfbcirls vltko bo sbotfal nlotrkrfl k eks abnfsflobs abe grupl pkrekcbotkrfl. Bstk ab`fofnfþo bspbnf`fnk ek pkrtb pbrnbptfieb y cbafieb abe`boþcbol qub be nlonbptl sb suplob rbprbsbotk. Ek prlpfbaka «afsnfpefok pkrekcbotkrfk½ ab uo pkrtfal pubab sbr, pubs, bvkeukak pkrk nkak pkrtfalhknfboal rb`brbonfk k ek ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk. Ltrl bdbcpel pubab sbr benlonbptl ab «nukarl½ ab pkrtfal. Ab æe sb pubab akr uok prbnfsk ab`fofnfþolpbrktfvk qub, bo rbeknfþo nlo ek kotbrflr, fabotf`fqub be uofvbrsl bcpãrfnlab els nukarls ab pkrtfal abnekrkoal, plr bdbcpel, qub plr beels sb botfboabk tlals els qub slo cfbcirls ab els nlcftæs bdbnutfvls k ofvbe elnke lfabotf`fnkoal ab ltrl clal bstb grupl (bo uok rbnfbotb fovbstfgknfþo slirb pkrtfals pleãtfnls ftkefkols bsb nlonbptl sb ab`fofþ lpbrktfvkcbotb rb`brfalk els abebgkals ke nlogrbsl oknfloke abe pkrtfal).

Ol tlals els nlonbptls slo afrbntkcbotb lpbrktfvfzkiebs. Ksã, beuofvbrsl ab nlonbptls bcpãrfnls pubab uifnkrsb fabkecbotb slirb uonlotfouuc qub vk absab ek cãofck hkstk ek cëxfck plsfifefaka ablpbrktfvfzknfþo afrbntk. Cunhls nlonbptls ‑ y nlo `rbnubonfk els abckylr fcplrtkonfk pkrk eks bxpefnknflobs y eks tblrãks ab eks nfbonfkshuckoks ‑ slo tko kistrkntls y gbobrkebs qub ol slo susnbptfiebs abofoguok lpbrktfvfzknfþo bcpãrfnk afrbntk sktfs`kntlrfk. Bo bstls nksls hkyqub rbnurrfr k ltrls nlonbptls cës bspbnã`fnls y cbols kistrkntls, nuylsktrfiutls l`rbznko ek plsfifefaka ab lpbrktfvfzknfþo afrbntk. Bsls nlonbptlscës bspbnã`fnls sb eekcko foafnkalrbs abe nlonbptl cës kistrkntl y sfrvbobo uo nfbrtl sbotfal ab pubotb botrb beels y eks ab`fofnflobs lpbrktfvks ;:.

Bo gbobrke bs obnbskrfk uok sbrfb ab foafnkalrbs pkrk bxprbskrnlcpebtkcbotb be sfgof`fnkal y els rb`brbotbs ab uo nlonbptl nlcpebdl. ^btrktk, pubs, ab fabotf`fnkr eks afcbosflobs l eks nkrkntbrãstfnks rbebvkotbs abuo nlonbptl y ab bstkiebnbr uo foafnkalr pkrk nkak uok ab beeks. Eklpbrknfþo fcpefnk uo prlnbsl ab sbgcbotknfþo abe nlonbptl nlcpebdl y els

foafnkalrbs bsnlgfals pkrk nkak sbgcbotl abe nlonbptl abibrãkonlrrbsploabr bo nloduotl ikstkotb ifbo ke uofvbrsl cës kcpefl abnkrkntbrãstfnks qub tbobcls bo cbotb nukoal utfefzkcls be nlonbptllrfgfokrfl. Zlr bdbcpel, be nlonbptl ab «clvfefzknfþo slnfke½ ol bssusnbptfieb ab uok sktfs`kntlrfk ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk afrbntk y cunhlsbstuaflsls hko rbnurrfal k uok sbrfb ab ltrls nlonbptls qub sb nlosfabrkofoafnkalrbs ab ek clvfefzknfþo slnfke nlcl be «ofvbe ab fostrunnfþo½, ek«urikofzknfþo½, ek «af`usfþo ab els ckss-cbafk½ y ltrls. Nkak uol ab bstlsfoafnkalrbs bs `ënfecbotb susnbptfieb ab ab`fofnflobs lpbrktfvks. Ltrlbdbcpel bs be nlonbptl ab «abclnrknfk½ (l «rægfcbo abclnrëtfnl½).Cunhl cbdlr qub fotbotkr ek ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk afrbntk ab uo tærcfol tkonlcpebdl bs rbnurrfr k uok ab`fofnfþo qub foneuyk els foafnkalrbsfcplrtkotbs ab tke nlonbptl, nlcl «bebnnflobs efirbs y nlcpbtftfvks½,«efibrtka ab prbosk y ab kslnfknfþo½, «foabpboabonfk duafnfke½, btn. Nkakuol ab bstls foafnkalrbs sb pubab ab`fofr lpbrktfvkcbotb cunhl cës`ënfecbotb l, k su vbz, sf bstl rbsuetk af`ãnfe, akr lrfgbo k ltrls foafnkalrbs.

6 YfGG^, @, Qhb Ab`foftflo..., lp. nft.;: ZYTBWÕY^MF, K., y QBROB, H., Qhb Elgfn l` Nlcpkrktfvb ^lnfke Foqufry, Oubvk Vlrm, Wfeby, ;67:= Y FGG^, @., Qhb Ab`foftflo..., lp nft.=CKYYKAF, K., Nlonbttf b cbtlaf fo snfbozk pleãtfnk, @elrbonfk, Gfuotfok,;68:.



Cbtlalelgãk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk 2>

Ek eþgfnk ab ek rbeknfþo botrb els nlonbptls y sus foafnkalrbs bcpãrfnls, pubs, bs qub els sbguoals rbprbsbotko k els prfcbrls y su vkrfknfþo bstëefgkak k æstls.

Ek rbeknfþo «nlonbptl-foafnkalr-lpbrktfvfzknfþo½ nlostftuyb uol abels pksls cës fcplrtkotbs ab uok fovbstfgknfþo y pekotbk oucbrlsls

prliebcks. Bo prfcbr eugkr hky qub suirkykr qub els nlonbptls ‑

y slirbtlal els ab cës bebvkak kistrknnfþo y rfqubzk ab sfgof`fnkal ‑ ol tfbobouok rbeknfþo uoãvlnk nlo sus foafnkalrbs. Zlr nlosfgufbotb, pubabo sbrlpbrktfvfzkals y cbafals ab cës ab uok ckobrk. Els nlonbptls qub ol sb pubabo lisbrvkr afrbntkcbotb sþel sb plarëo kilrakr cbafkotbfoafnkalrbs bcpãrfnls bsnlgfals, qub ol slo nkpknbs ab kgltkr y trkaunfrnlcpebtkcbotb be rfnl sfgof`fnkal ab nlonbptls ab ketl vkelr tbþrfnl. Nlo`rbnubonfk rbprbsbotko sþel uo suinloduotl ab uo nloduotl cunhl cëskcpefl ab plsfiebs foafnkalrbs qub huifbrko plafal bebgfrsb pkrkrbprbsbotkr uo abtbrcfokal nlonbptl.

Zlr bdbcpel, be nlonbptl ab «neksb slnfke½ sb pubab ab`fofrvbrikecbotb l abnekrktfvkcbotb nlcl «uo grupl ab foafvfauls nlelnkalsk el ekrgl ab uok dbrkrquãk ab plsfnflobs slnfkebs af`brbonfkaks½. Bstkab`fofnfþo pubab lpbrktfvfzkrsb ab af`brbotbs ckobrks. FcpeãnftkcbotbCkrx lpbrktfvfzþ bsb nlonbptl bo rb`brbonfk k als foafnkalrbs prfonfpkebs,`ënfecbotb lpbrktfvfzkiebs4 ;) uok plsfnfþo bnloþcfnk rbspbntl k ek prlpfbaka ab els cbafls ab prlaunnfþo= 9) ek nlonfbonfk ab tke plsfnfþo.^fo bcikrgl, nlcl bs skifal, ltrls bstuaflsls hko l`rbnfal af`brbotbslpbrktfvfzknflobs abe cfscl nlonbptl, nlosfabrkoal foafnkalrbs nlcl ekrbotk, ek baunknfþo, ek lnupknfþo y su prbstfgfl slnfke nlcl cësfcplrtkotbs. Zlr tkotl, hko lpbrktfvfzkal ek neksb slnfke bo tærcfols abbstktus slnfl-bnloþcfnl nlcl uok nlcifoknfþo ab els cbonflokalsfoafnkalrbs.

Ab bstb bdbcpel rbsuetk nekrl qub oucbrlsls nlonbptls sb prbstko,sbgôo be nlotbxtl bo qub sb usko, k sbr lpbrktfvfzkals ab afvbrsls clals yqub afstfotks lpbrktfvfzknflobs ab uo cfscl nlonbptl pubabo dustf`fnkrsbbo `uonfþo ab af`brbotbs lidbtfvls nlgolsnftfvls. Ek lpbrktfvfzknfþockrxfstk abe nlonbptl ab neksb pubab sbr fabke bo rbeknfþo nlo be lidbtfvlab bstkiebnbr eks nloafnflobs ab uo nlcplrtkcfbotl rbvleunflokrfl abnfbrtls grupls, cfbotrks qub ek rbkefzkak bo tærcfols ab bstktusslnfl-bnloþcfnl pubab rbsuetkr cunhl cës sfgof`fnktfvk sf qufbrb uskrsb

be nlonbptl ab neksb bo be bstuafl abe nlcplrtkcfbotl bebntlrke. Ab bstl sbabsprboab qub ek bebnnfþo botrb foafnkalrbs plsfiebs ab nlonbptls nuyklpbrktfvfzknfþo ol bs afrbntk, ksã nlcl ek bebnnfþo botrb afvbrsks plsfifefakabs ab ab`fofnflobs lpbrktfvks ab uo nlonbptl l foafnkalrabpboabo tkcifæo ab els `fobs tbþrfnls pkrk els qub sb vk k bcpebkr benlonbptl. «Ek vkefabz ab uo foafnkalr, bo ab`foftfvk, abpboab ab uokfcpeãnftk nlcprbosfþo ab ek rbeknfþo botrb be prlnbsl cbafkotb be nuke befoafnkalr sb prlaunb y els lidbtfvls tbþrfnls abe fovbstfgkalr½ ;;.

Ro nlonbptl lpbrktfvfzkal sfbcprb sbrë uo nlonbptl bcplirbnfal bo susfgof`fnkal, bo tkotl qub bstë kcputkal ab eks nkrkntbrãstfnks qub olrbsuetko lpbrktfvfzkiebs. Bstb prliebck bstë, bo ab`foftfvk, bo ek iksb ab eknlcpebdk rbeknfþo botrb tblrãk b fovbstfgknfþo. Be nlonbptl abclvfefzknfþo slnfke ab`fofal bo tærcfols ol lpbrktfvls y sfo rb`brbonfk kfoafnkalrbs bcpãrfnls tfbob uo grko sfgof`fnkal tbþrfnl y bs fcplrtkotb pkrk ek bxpefnknfþo y ek tblrãk. Be cfscl nlonbptl ab`fofallpbrktfvkcbotb k trkvæs ab sus foafnkalrbs bo tærcfols ab ofvbe aburikofzknfþo, fostrunnfþo, usl ab els ckss-cbafk, btn., bs uo nlonbptlcuy prbnfsl bcpãrfnkcbotb, pbrl frrbcbafkiebcbotb cbols `bnuoaltbþrfnkcbotb.

;;; ^CBE^BY , O. D., Nlcpkrktfvb Cbthlas fo ^lnfke ^nfbonbs, BogebwllaNef``s, O. S., Zrbo-tfnb Hkee, ;670.



21 ^tb`kol Ikrtleeoe

Bs iubol, pubs, abafnkr ek cëxfck ktbonfþo kokeãtfnk k uok nlrrbntk ybxpeãnftk `lrcueknfþo ab ek rbeknfþo botrb nlonbptls, foafnkalrbs yab`fofnflobs lpbrktfvks trktkoal ab bvftkr kqubeels brrlrbs nkpknbs abrbaunfr nlcpebtkcbotb ek vkefabz ab oubstrls foafnkalrbs. Bo prfcbr eugkrhky qub bvftkr qub be prlnbsl ab lpbrktfvfzknfþo eebvb nlosfgl uo

bcplirbnfcfbotl bxnbsfvl abe sfgof`fnkal, cbafkotb uok rbaunnfþofoobnbskrfk abe ëciftl aæ rb`brbotbs foafnkals plr ek ab`fofnfþo abnekrktfvkabe nlonbptl. Nlo rbspbntl ke nlonbptl ab neksb bo Ckrx, uo bdbcpel cuyk prlpþsftl ‑ y tkcifæo nlo be qub ols bonlotrkcls k cboual ‑ ab bstb prliebck sbrãk uok lpbrktfvfzknfþo abe nlonbptl qub hkgk rb`brbonfk sþel kek afcbosfþo «plsfnfþo rbspbntl k els cbafls ab prlaunnfþo½, absnufakoalek ab ek nlonfbonfk ab ek prlpfk plsfnfþo l vfnbvbrsk. Rok lpbrktfvfzknfþoab bsb tfpl ol bs vëefak bo tkotl qub uo foafnkalr abe nlonbptl, y plr tkotluok pkrtb ab su sfgof`fnkal l ab sus rb`brbotbs bcpãrfnls, sb abdk k uo ekalsfo rkzþo (y bstl foabpboafbotbcbotb ab els prliebcks tænofnls qub eklpbrktfvfzknfþo ab ek «nlonfbonfk ab neksb½ pubab prlvlnkr bo uokfovbstfgknfþo nlonrbtk).

Ltrl nksl fcplrtkotb ab brrlr ab vkefabz abe prlnbsl ab lpbrktfvfzknfþobs kqube bo be qub be foafnkalr y su lpbrktfvfzknfþo fabotf`fnko uo bspbntrlab `boþcbols cës kcpefl qub be qub kikrnk be nlonbptl y plr tkotl«cbzneko½ ltrks nlsks duotl k eks qub sb suplob qub sfgof`fnk be nlonbptl.Ro bdbcpel k tãtuel foafnktfvl pubab sbr be nksl bo qub sb ab`fok«rbolvknfþo pkrekcbotkrfk½ nlcl be prlnbsl qub fabotf`fnk be surgfcfbotlab oubvl pbrsloke bo eks Nëckrks y sb lpbrktfvfzk nlcl be oôcbrl aboubvls bebgfals bo uok bebnnfþo akak. Bo bstb nksl, akal qub els pkrekcbotkrfls oubvls bebgfals pkrk uok ebgfsekturk foneuybo prlikiebcbotb k pbrsloks qub, kuoqub ol bebgfaks bo ek ebgfsekturkkotbrflr, el `ubrlo bo ek prbnbabotb, tbobcls uok lpbrktfvfzknfþo qubfabotf`fnk uok sbrfb ab nksls cës kcpefk qub kqubeek qub qubrãkcls kikrnkrnlo be nlonbptl. Cbznekcls ke oubvl pbrsloke pkrekcbotkrfl ‑ k elsbebntls plr prfcbrk vbz ‑ nlo ltrks nlsks ‑ els rbbebgfals ‑ , el qub tboarëuo b`bntl obgktfvl slirb els rbsuetkals ab ek fovbstfgknfþo y slirb susfotbrprbtknflobs.

K ek euz ab els sfcpebs bdbcpels pubstls, bstls brrlrbs ab vkefabz pubabo pkrbnbr ikokebs l ab `ënfe sleunfþo. ^fo bcikrgl, slo `rbnubotbs els prlnbsls ab lpbrktfvfzknfþo cës nlcpebdls l cbols afrbntls. Zbosbcls bo

ek af`fnuetka ab lpbrktfvfzkr ab ckobrk vëefak nfbrtks kntftuabs bo eksfovbstfgknflobs ikskaks slirb aktls ab lpfofþo. Lpbrktfvfzkr uo nlonbptlnlcl be ab «lrfbotknfþo kutlrftkrfk½ ab uo foafvfaul bo bstls nksls fcpefnkbstkiebnbr, k trkvæs ab uok sbrfb ab foafnkalrbs, Rok rbeknfþo botrb bstbnlonbptl y uo nfbrtl tfpl ab rbspubstk k uok sbrfb ab prbguotks prbbstkiebnfaks. Ek eþgfnk ab ek lpbrktfvfzknfþo bs qub sbrë cës l cbolskutlrftkrfl be qub rbsploak ab uok abtbrcfokak ckobrk k eks prbguotks. Bobstb nksl ek lpbrktfvfzknfþo bs cuy foafrbntk b fcpefnk rb`brfrsb k hfpþtbsfsy tblrãks fcpeãnftks= eks qub bstëo bo ek iksb abe rkzlokcfbotl bo vfrtua abenuke sb ckotfbob qub «sf uok pbrslok tfbob uok lrfbotknfþo kutlrftkrfk,botlonbs abibrãk bstkr ab knubral nlo... l abibrãk nlotbstkr ab tke clal...½.Bo be nksl, pubs, bo qub els foafnkalrbs fohbrbotbs k uo nlonbptl sbko cuyfoafrbntls bs prbnfsl bcpebkr l ksucfr uok tblrãk l hfpþtbsfs kuxfefkr pkrkslstbobr ek lpnfþo. Eks lpbrktfvfzknflobs ab bstb tfpl slo bolrcbcbotbnlcpebdks y abdko nlotfoukcbotb kifbrtl be prliebck ab sf els foafnkalrbsbebgfals ol levfako afcbosflobs pltbonfkecbotb lpbrktfvfzkiebs abekutlrftkrfscl

‑ l sbk, sf ol sbrëo fonlcpebtks

‑ , l ifbo kûkabo kegl qub be

kutlrftkrfscl ol bs sbgôo ek ab`fofnfþo qub sb hk akal ab æe.




Bo eks fovbstfgknflobs ab lpfofþo bs nlotfouk ek afsnusfþo slirb be hbnhlab sf eks rbspubstks k nfbrtks prbguotks pubabo fotbrprbtkrsb b`bntfvkcbotbnlcl foafnkalrbs vëefals ab uo abtbrcfokal nlonbptl.

8. Be trktkcfbotl ab els nlonbptls Rok ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk fonlrplrk uok sbrfb ab fostrunnflobs qub

foafnko nþcl sb pubab btfqubtkr, cbafr l fabotf`fnkr be nlonbptl ke qub sbrb`fbrb. Bo ltrks pkekirks, ek lpbrktfvfzknfþo trkos`lrck els nlonbptls abeks prlpfbakabs ab eks uofakabs ab fovbstfgknfþo bo vkrfkiebs,bspbnf`fnkoal ek plsfieb vkrfkifefaka ab els nksls k el ekrgl ab uokafcbosfþo. Beel pbrcftb, pubs, ksfgokr vkelrbs l btfqubtks ke bstkal abnkak uofaka rbspbntl k ek prlpfbaka k ek qub sb rb`fbrb. Hknfboalrb`brbonfk k ek cktrfz ab aktls prbsbotkak kotbs (væksb ek `fgurk 9.;), els prlnbsls ab lpbrktfvfzknfþo trkos`lrcko eks prlpfbakabs ab eks uofakabslidbtl ab bstuafl bo vkrfkiebs, pbrcftfboal rbeebokr eks nksfeeks ab ekcktrfz ktrfiuyboal k nkak nksl uol ab els bstkals ab eks vkrfkiebs.

Hkstk tke puotl bs nlcpebdl be abiktb botrb els cbtlaþelgls slirb bstbtbck, qub plabcls abnfr qub ek lpbrktfvfzknfþo foafnk ‑ sbgôo ekokturkebzk ab eks prlpfbakabs ab eks uofakabs y oubstrl ofvbe ab

fo`lrcknfþo ‑

trbs clals ab ksfgokr vkelrbs l btfqubtks ke bstkal ab uokuofaka rbspbntl k uok prlpfbaka suyk ;9.Zkrk keguoks prlpfbakabs ek ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk afvfab ek bxtbosfþo

abe nlonbptl bo nktbglrãks l neksbs. Bstl pbrcftb bstkiebnbr sf uok prlpfbaka akak bxfstb l ol bo uo nksl akal y ek lpbrknfþo qub k trkvæs abbeek sb nucpeb ksfgok eks uofakabs k eks af`brbotbs nktbglrãks= bs abnfr,neksf`fnk eks uofakabs F>. Zlr bdbcpel, bo uo bstuafl slirb eks fostftunflobsab els rb`bræoauc plpuekrbs bo vkrfls pkãsbs (l bo vkrfls bstktutls ab eksrbgflobs l bstkals ab uo pkãs) plabcls qubrbr utfefzkr ek prlpfbaka«b`bntl .slirb ek prlaunnfþo ebgfsektfvk½ ab uo rb`bræoauclpbrktfvfzëoalek nlcl «b`bntl prlplsftfvl½, «abrlgktfvl½ l«abefibrktfvl½. Els nksls nlonrbtls ab nlosuetks rb`brboakrfks sbneksf`fnko plr tkotl sbgôo su okturkebzk rbspbntl k bsk prlpfbaka. Ltrlbdbcpel bs be ab ek neksf`fnknfþo ab uofakabs-foafvfauls rbspbntl ke tfpl ab prl`bsfþo rbefgflsk (nktþefnk, prltbstkotb, duaãk, cusueckok)= be ab ek

neksf`fnknfþo ab els sfstbcks pleãtfnls rbspbntl ke rægfcbo nlostftunfloke(pkrekcbotkrfl, prbsfabonfke, cfxtl).Bo ltrls nksls eks prlpfbakabs y su nlonbptl pubabo lpbrktfvfzkrsb

suplofboal qub bstëo nlcpubstks plr nktbglrãks lrabokaks k el ekrgl abuo nlotfouuc qub vk abe cës ke cbols y qub foafnk be grkal ab plsbsfþobo nkak nksl ab uok abtbrcfokak prlpfbaka. Ek lpbrknfþo qub nkib hknbrbo bstb tfpl ab lpbrktfvfzknflobs nlosfstb bo ksfgokr els nksls k eknktbglrãk qub be fovbstfgkalr nlosfabrk cës kabnukak, tbofboal bo nubotkqub eks af`brbonfks cbafaks ksã slo ab grkal y ol ab nkotfaka. Elsfotbrvkels botrb eks nktbglrãks lrabokaks k el ekrgl ab uo nlotfouuc sloabsfgukebs y su tkckûl bs foabtbrcfokal. Bdbcpels ab bstb tfpl ablpbrknflobs slo kqubeels bo qub sb prbguotk k els botrbvfstkals su lpfofþool bo tærcfols ab uo nktbgþrfnl «sã½ l «ol½, sfol cës ifbo bo tærcfolsabe grkal ab knubral l absknubral l`rbnfæoalebs, plr bdbcpel, uok sbrfbab rbspubstks lrabokaks ketbroktfvks.

;9

QBROB, H., Cbksurbcbot fo Nlcpkrktfvb Ybsbkrnh, bo «NlcpkrktfvbZleftfnke ̂ tuafbs½,;, ;608, pp. ;9>-;>8= CKYYKAF, K., Nlonbttf..., lp. nft.;> Nlcl hk sbûkekal knbrtkakcbotb Ckrrkaf (;68:), nlo be tærcfol«neksf`fnknfþo½ sb botfboab tkotl ek lpbrknfþo fotbebntuke ab nktbglrfzknfþo ab uo nlonbptlnlcl be prlnbafcfbotlab ktrfiunfþo ab els lidbtls k uok ab eks nktbglrãks bstkiebnfaks k pkrtfr abkquæeek. Bo bstklirk ol hbcls nlosfabrkal obnbskrfl afstfogufr tbrcfoleþgfnkcbotb elsals sfgof`fnkals, pbrlsã hbcls tbofal bo nubotk ek af`brbonfk.




Bo be bstuafl ab cknrl kgrbgkals tbobcls bstb tfpl ab cbafak nukoal, plrbdbcpel, els foafnkalrbs pbrcftbo nlelnkr k vkrfls sfstbcks pleãtfnls bouok sbrfb ab nktbglrãks lrabokaks bo rbeknfþo k ek ckylr l cbolrnbotrkefzknfþo kacfofstrktfvk. Ro bdbcpel cës nlrrfbotb pubab sbr be qub,bo iksb k uo bxkcbo, sb ksfgoko bstuafkotbs k neksbs ab bstuafl ab eboguk

pkrk «prfonfpfkotbs½, «fotbrcbafls½, «kvkozkals½, ksucfboal qub æstksrbprbsbotko nktbglrãks slirb uo nlotãouuc qub vk absab beabsnlolnfcfbotl kisleutl ab uok eboguk hkstk su nlolnfcfbotl kvkozkal.

Zlr ôetfcl, be tbrnbr clal ab ksfgokr vkelrbs k els bstkals ab eksvkrfkiebs k trkvæs ab ek lpbrktfvfzknfþo pbrcftb bstkiebnbr ek nkotfaka ab ek prlpfbaka qub plsbb nkak nksl= be grkal oucærfnl bo qub bstëo prbsbotbseks prlpfbakabs. ^f bo uok fovbstfgknfþo tbobcls qub bstuafkr ek prlpfbaka«ùbrzk lrgkofzktfvk½ ab uo pkrtfal pleãtfnl y akcls k bstb nlonbptl uokab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk qub hknb rb`brbonfk ke oôcbrl ab k`fefkals y/l keoôcbrl ab eks uofakabs elnkebs bo be tbrrftlrfl, be bstkal ab nkak nkslrbspbntl k eks vkrfkiebs sb fabotf`fnk plr nkotfakabs oucærfnks prbnfsks k eksqub sb pubabo kpefnkr tlaks eks prlpfbakabs cktbcëtfnks ab els oôcbrls.Bo bstb nksl, bo nlcpkrknfþo ke kotbrflr, ek afcbosfþo ab els fotbrvkelsbotrb els plsfiebs bstkals ab eks vkrfkiebs bs nlolnfal4 sf be oôcbrl ab elsk`fefkals ab uo pkrtfal bs alieb qub be ab ltrl sb pubab nloneufr qub ‑ borbeknfþo k ek ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk ab «ùbrzk lrgkofzktfvk½ kalptkak ‑ ekùbrzk lrgkofzktfvk abe prfcbrl bs als vbnbs ek abe sbguoal. Afnhl ab ltrlclal, ek fgukeaka ab els fotbrvkels pbrcftb nlcpkrknflobs botrb nksl ynksl qub sb rb`fbrbo ke tkckûl ab eks af`brbonfks.

Els trbs clals ùoakcbotkebs ab ksfgokr vkelrbs y btfqubtks k elsbstkals ab eks prlpfbakabs sbgôo su ab`fofnfþo lpbrktfvk sb foafnkoolrckecbotb nlo els tærcfols ab cbafak olcfoke, lrafoke y nukotftktfvk,akoal eugkr k trbs tfpls ab bsnkeks. ^lirb bstk tbrcfolelgãk sb nbotrk beabiktb botrb cbtlaþelgls rbspbntl k eks prlpfbakabs ab els trbs tfpls abtrktkcfbotl y k eks tænofnks bstkaãstfnl-cktbcëtfnks qub nkak uol ab beels pbrcftb kalptkr ebgãtfckcbotb ;1. K bstls prliebcks sb rb`fbrbokcpefkcbotb els tbxtls bspbnfkefzkals ab cbtlalelgãk. Kquã fcplrtksuirkykr qub, absab be puotl ab vfstk abe trktkcfbotl eþgfnl ab els nlo-nbptls, bxfstb uok nekrk nbsurk botrb be trktkcfbotl nlonbptuke afsnlotfoulabe prfcbr tfpl, qub ak eugkr k neksf`fnknflobs ab nksls, y be nlotfoul ab elstfpls sbguoal y tbrnbrl qub, bo afstfotls grkals y nlo afstfotks

nlosbnubonfks slirb eks tænofnks bstkaãstfnks utfefzkiebs sbgôo qub sb trktbab bsnkeks lrafokebs k fotbrvkels l nkrafokebs, ak eugkr k afstfotls tfpls abcbafak ab els nlonbptls lpbrktfvfzkals.

6. Neksf`fnknflobs

Nlovfbob suirkykr qub ek eþgfnk neksf`fnktlrfk ‑ bs abnfr, ek lpbrknfþofotbebntuke cbafkotb ek nuke sb afvfab ek fotbonfþo ab uo nlonbptl bo uonfbrtl oôcbrl ab nktbglrãks ‑ y eks neksf`fnknflobs tfbobo uok fcplrtkonfkùoakcbotke bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs (y bo ltrks nfbonfks cunhl cësnloslefakaks) y cbrbnbo uok ktbonfþo kafnfloke;2. Bo prfcbr eugkr, eks iuboks neksf`fnknflobs ol slo tko `ënfebs ab `lrcuekr nlcl pubab pkrbnbr k prfcbrk vfstk lisbrvkoal els bdbcpels qub hbcls pubstl kotbs.

;1 CKYYKAF, K., Nlonbttf..., lp.

nft.

!2

^KYQLYF, G., Ek Zleãtfnk..., lp. nft.




Be trktkcfbotl neksf`fnktlrfl ab els nlonbptls tfbob rbgeks qub hky qubsbgufr. Eks `uoakcbotkebs slo4 ;) qub sb iksb slirb uo ôofnl nrftbrflbxpeãnftl ab afstfonfþo, y 9) qub ek neksf`fnknfþo sbk bxhkustfvk y bxneusfvk;0. Ek bxhkustfvfaka ab eks nktbglrãks ab uok neksf`fnknfþo fcpefnk qubnkak uofaka abib ktrfiufrsb k uok neksb. Ek bxneusfvfaka bxfgb qub

ofoguok uofaka sb ktrfiuyk k cës ab uok neksb.Ybspbtkr bstls nrftbrfls ol bs `ënfe. Bo cunhls nksls ek tkrbk sb `knfeftk plrqub rbnurrfcls k neksf`fnknflobs ab sbotfal nlcôo (nlcl pubab sbr ekafstfonfþo botrb sbxl cksnuefol y `bcbofol) l k ltrks yk bxfstbotbs ab`lrck bstkoakrfzkak (plr bdbcpel, eks lnupknflobs ab`fofaks plr elsFostftutls ab Bstkaãstfnk) l ikskaks bo fo`lrcknflobs sbe`rbplrãba (nlclek rbefgfþo l ek oknflokefaka). Zlr ltrk pkrtb, sfo bcikrgl, y slirb tlal boels nksls ab ckylr vkelr b fotbræs hburãstfnl, tbobcls qub nrbkr oubstrks prlpfks neksf`fnknflobs slirb ek iksb ab uok sbrfb ab aktls b fo`lrcknflobsabskgrbgkals. Zbosbcls bo be fotbotl ab neksf`fnkr sbgôo be prfonfpfl abeks cltfvknflobs prbalcfokotbs eks vkrfkaks rbspubstks ab els botrbvfs-tkals k uok prbguotk rb`brbotb k eks rkzlobs plr eks qub hko nkcifkal sunlcplrtkcfbotl bebntlrke. Ek tkrbk ab fabotf`fnkr uok sbrfb rbaunfak abnktbglrãks olcfokebs qub pubako rbsucfr y nlotbobr ek grko vkrfbaka abrbspubstks foafvfaukebs bs uo prlnbsl nlcpebdl.

Ro cfscl nlonbptl sb pubab lpbrktfvfzkr bo cës ab uol ab els trbsclals prfonfpkebs sbûkekals b foneusl bo els trbs. Qlcbcls uok vbz cësuo bdbcpel nrbkal ka hln. ^f qubrbcls bvkeukr ek prlpfbaka«nbotrkefzknfþo kacfofstrktfvk½ ab vkrfls sfstbcks pleãtfnls, sb pubabtrktkr olcfokecbotb tke nlonbptl prlplofboal uok neksf`fnknfþoafnltþcfnk ‑ nbotrkefzkal-absnbotrkefzkal ‑ ikskak bo ek prbsbonfk lkusbonfk ab nfbrtks nkrkntbrãstfnks afstfotfvks ab ek nbotrkefzknfþo (y susfoafnkalrbs). Zlabcls tkcifæo trktkr ab cbafr be grkal ab nbotrkefzknfþolrabokoal els sfstbcks pleãtfnls bo uo nlotfouuc qub vkelrb nlcpkrktfvk-cbotb ek ckylr l cbolr prbsbonfk ab eks nkrkntbrãstfnks. Zlr ôetfcl, plabcls trktkr ab nukotf`fnkr ek nbotrkefzknfþo cfafboal nkaknkrkntbrãstfnk foafvfaukecbotb y kdustëoalek bo uo ãoafnb abnbotrkefzknfþo, bs abnfr, bo uok cbafak qub nlcifok els foafnkalrbs sbgôouok lpbrknfþo cktbcëtfnk F7.

Okturkecbotb qub bstks trbs plsfifefakabs tfbobo sus vbotkdks bfonlovbofbotbs. Ro trktkcfbotl olcfoke ol hknb dustfnfk k els nksls

fotbrcbafls, `lrzëoalels k botrkr bo uok ab eks nktbglrãks. Kabcës, elstrktkcfbotls nlotfouls pbrcftbo rbnurrfr k tænofnks bstkaãstfnks cës plabrlsks pkrk be koëefsfs. ^fo bcikrgl, be trktkcfbotlolcfoke-neksf`fnktlrfl pbrcftb uo ckylr nlotrle cbotke abe nlonbptlnukoal sb plob bo rbeknfþo nlo ltrls. Bs foafnktfvl, ab hbnhl, qub, kvbnbs, nlonbptls `ënfecbotb lpbrktfvfzkiebs ab clal nukotftktfvl sbkorbnloaunfals, ke `foke abe koëefsfs, k neksf`fnknflobs l bsnkeks lrafokebscbafkotb ek fabotf`fnknfþo ab puotls ab rupturk bo be nlotfouuc.

Qlal el afnhl knbrnk ab ek rbeknfþo botrb trktkcfbotl neksf`fnktlrfl ynlotfoul ab els nlonbptls lpbrktfvfzkals eebvk tkcifæo k nloneufr qub nlocunhk `rbnubonfk ek rbeknfþo qub bxfstb botrb trktkcfbotlolcfoke-neksf`fnktlrfl y trktkcfbotl nlotfoul ol bs sþel uok rbeknfþoketbroktfvk fcpubstk plr be ofvbe ab eks fo`lrcknflobs afsplofiebs l plr uonëenuel ab nlovbofbonfk ikskal bo els nlstbs y rbsuetkals ab eks af`brbotbs

plsfifefakabs. Bo cunhls nksls be trktkcfbotl neksf`fnktlrfl sb prbsbotknlcl uo rbqufsftl eþgfnl ab kqube nlotfoul, slirb ek iksb ab ek nlosf-abrknfþo ab qub ek eþgfnk abe «cës l cbols½ l abe nukotl ab uok prlpfbaka bs plstbrflr k ek ab ek bxfstbonfk l ol ab ek prlpfbaka ;8.

;0 CFEE, D. ^., K ^ystbc l` Elgfn. Yktflnfoktfvb koa Foauntfvb, Eloarbs,;81>.;7 EKTKY^@BEA, Z. @., y IKYQLO, K. H., [ukeftktfvb Cbksurbcbot fo

thb ^lnfke ^nfbonbs4Nekssfdfnktflo, Qyplflgfbs koa ãoafnbs, bo A. EBYOBY y H. A. EK^^WBEE(bas.), Qhb Zlefny^nfbonbs, ^tko`lra, ^tko`lra Rofvbrsfty Zrbss, ;62;= CKYYKA f, K.,Nlonbttf..., lp. nft.




Bstb hbnhl bs bvfabotb bo eks `ksbs fofnfkebs ab ek fovbstfgknfþo. Eksuofakabs ab fovbstfgknfþo slo cbznekiebs l nlcpkrkiebs botrb sã sþel sf plr sus nkrkntbrãstfnks ab`foftlrfks pbrtbobnbo k uok cfsck neksb ablidbtls, `boþcbols l knlotbnfcfbotls. Bo bstb sbotfal, bs, pubs, bvfabotbbe nkrëntbr eþgfnkcbotb kotbrflr abe koëefsfs neksf`fnktlrfl rbspbntl k

nukequfbr ltrl pksl ab ek fovbstfgknfþo. Qlal el afnhl vkeb tkcifæo pkrk beofvbe abe trktkcfbotl nlonbptuke ab eks prlpfbakabs ab eks uofakabs4 ekbxpefnknfþo ab els nlonbptls qub pbrcftb ek eþgfnk neksf`fnktlrfk plob bobvfabonfk eks afvfsflobs bo suigrupls ab eks uofakabs ab fovbstfgknfþo y pbrcftb fabotf`fnkr k nuëebs ab bsks sb pubabo kpefnkr lpbrktfvfzknflobsnlotfouks.

Pkcls k plobr tkcifæo bo bstb nksl uo bdbcpel qub knekrb.Nlosfabrbcls uo bstuafl ab eks fostftunflobs pkrekcbotkrfks qub prbvbk bekoëefsfs ab uok prlpfbaka nlcl ek abe «plabr ebgfsektfvl ab eksnlcfsflobs½. Okturkecbotb, bo tærcfols sustkonfkebs tke plabr vkrãk bonkak nksl y ol bs af`ãnfe pboskr bo uok lpbrktfvfzknfþo nlotfouk ab bsbnlonbptl qub hkgk rb`brbonfk k uol l cës ãoafnbs (plr bdbcpel, be plrnbotkdb ab ebybs kprlikaks bo nlcfsfþo rbspbntl ke tltke ab ebybskprlikaks= be oôcbrl ab ebybs qub sb ktrfiuybrlo k eks nlcfsflobs bo ek`ksb abefibrkotb pbrl sb eebvkrlo ke pebol plr afvbrsls cltfvls, btn.). Bstb

plsfieb ãoafnb abe plabr ebgfsektfvl ab eks nlcfsflobs pkrekcbotkrfkstboarë su ëciftl ab vkrfknfþo pkrtfboal ab :, vkelr qub rbprbsbotk be nkslbo qub tke plabr bs ouel, be nksl bo qub eks nlcfsflobs pkrekcbotkrfks oltfbobo fostftunflokecbotb plabr ab prlaunfr ebybs.

Be prliebck sb pekotbk bo els sfgufbotbs tærcfols4 ¼bs eãnftl rbaunfr uokaf`brbonfk fostftunfloke-bstrunturke botrb els af`brbotbs pkrekcbotls(ktrfiunfþo l ol abe plabr ebgfsektfvl k eks nlcfsflobs) k uok af`brbonfk abnkotfaka l grkal bo su plabr< Ek rbspubstk bs qub, bo uo bdbcpel ab bstbtfpl, ek rbaunnfþo ab ek af`brbonfk botrb els nksls k af`brbonfk nukotftktfvkfcpefnk lnuetknfþo. ^brãk cës kprlpfkal uo trktkcfbotl neksf`fnktlrfl prbvfl ab els plabrbs ab eks nlcfsflobs qub afstfogk ek prbsbonfk lkusbonfk abe plabr abefibrktfvl bo nkak nksl foafvfauke. ^þel abspuæs bslplrtuol y ôtfe kpefnkr k ek neksb ab pkrekcbotls qub prbvæo nlcfsflobsnlo plabrbs ebgfsektfvls uok eþgfnk nukotftktfvk qub eebvb k bvkeukr eksaf`brbonfks ab grkal y nkotfaka bo qub plsbbo tke plabr.

Bo nksls nlcl bstb bs obnbskrfl rbkefzkr prbvfkcbotb uo bdbrnfnflnlonbptuke neksf`fnktlrfl. Beel ol suplob ek pærafak ab ofoguokfo`lrcknfþo fcplrtkotb, sfol qub, ke nlotrkrfl, `kvlrbnb uok nekrf`fnknfþonlonbptuke qub ek cbafak ksucfrë obnbskrfkcbotb nlcl kegl fcpeãnftl (sfbstk af`brbonfk ol bstuvfbsb ksucfak ke cbols fcpeãnftkcbotb bo ek cbafak,botlonbs abibrãkcls nloneufr, pkrkaþdfnkcbotb, qub be trktkcfbotlnukotftktfvl abtbrcfok uok pærafak ab fo`lrcknfþo). Bo nloneusfþo, betrktkcfbotl olcfoke y neksf`fnktlrfl bs. uok `lrck ab lpbrktfvfzknfþoketbroktfvk rbspbntl k eks `lrcks nlotfouks, pbrl bo cunhls nksls bs uo trk-tkcfbotl eþgfnl obnbskrfl y prflrftkrfl rbspbntl k els ltrls.

;:. Qfplelgãks

Ro nksl nlonrbtl ab kpefnknfþo ab ek eþgfnk neksf`fnktlrfk bspbnfkecbotbfcplrtkotb bo nfbonfk pleãtfnk y bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs bo gbobrke bs be ab

ek `lrcknfþo ab tfpls y tfplelgãks. Rok tfplelgãk sb subeb ab`fofr nlcl uok«neksf`fnknfþo cuetf-afcbosfloke½, botboafboal nlo beel qub sb trktk abuok lrgkofzknfþo ab tfpl neksf`fnktlrfl bstkiebnfak plr ek nlcifoknfþo ynrunb ab cës ab uo nrftbrfl. Els tfpls qub vfbobo k nlcplobr uok tfplelgãknlostftuybo uok nlostrunnfþo nkrkntbrfzkak plr uok sbrfb ab ktrfiutls, nkakuol ab els nukebs fabotf`fnk uok afcbosfþo qub pubab sbr rbprbsbotkak plruo trktkcfbotl olcfoke l nlotfoul, pbrl nkak uol ab els nukebs botrk bo betfpl nlo su vkelr bspbnã`fnl ;6.

!8 ^KYQLYF, G., Ek Zleãtfnk..., lp. nft.




Nlosfabrbcls uo bdbcpel nlonrbtl ab tfpl qub plr su kpefnknfþo kenksl ftkefkol y plr eks afsnusflobs qub hk prlvlnkal abibrãk sbr nlolnfal plr be ebntlr4 be tfpl ab sfstbck ab pkrtfals ab peurkefscl plekrfzkal(væksb be nkpãtuel slirb sfstbcks ab pkrtfals). Bstb tfpl surgb abe ëciftlab uok tfplelgãk gbobrke ab els sfstbcks ab pkrtfals nlostrufak

nlcifokoal als ab sus afcbosflobs l prflrfakabs fcplrtkotbs4 ;) beoôcbrl ab pkrtfals= y 9) ek afstkonfk fableþgfnk qub ebs sbpkrk. Be tfpl«peurkefscl plekrfzkal½ surgb nlcl nlcifoknfþo bspbnã`fnk ab uovkelr/bstkal ab nkak uok ab eks als afcbosflobs-prlpfbakabs. ^bnkrkntbrfzk, pubs, plr ek nlcifoknfþo ab uo bebvkal oôcbrl ab pkrtfalsnlo uok grko afstkonfk fableþgfnk botrb beels. Zlr supubstl qub afstfotksnlcifoknflobs ab vkelrbs/bstkals ab eks als afcbosflobs-prlpfbakabsnlostftuybo ltrls tkotls tfpls plsfiebs ab sfstbck ab pkrtfals, nkak uol abels nukebs bs nlonbifieb bo kistrkntl (plnls pkrtfals y nlrtk afstkonfkfableþgfnk= plnls pkrtfals y grko afstkonfk fableþgfnk, y ksãsunbsfvkcbotb).

Bstb bdbcpel ab eks clakefakabs nlostftutfvks ab els tfpls y ab ekstfplelgãks pbrcftb plobr ab ckof`fbstl y afsnutfr keguols ab sus prliebcks. Bo prfcbr eugkr, eks afvbrsks afcbosflobs-prlpfbakabs qub sbnlcifoko bo eks nlostrunnflobs tfpleþgfnks pubabo sbr lrfgfokrfkcbotb

lpbrktfvfzkaks tkotl olcfokecbotb nlcl neksf`fnknflobs l nlcl bsnkeksab afstfotl tfpl. Bs bvfabotb, sfo bcikrgl, qub bo prbsbonfk ab oucbrlslsnksls els vkelrbs ab uok vkrfkieb lpbrktfvfzkak ab clal nlotfoul slotkotls, l cbdlr afnhl abcksfkals, nlcl pkrk sbr utfefzkals tlals, uol plruol, bo uok nlostrunnfþo tfpleþgfnk. Bstkcls `rbotb k uol ab els nksls boqub uo trktkcfbotl nlotfoul prbsbotk fonlovbofbotbs bo tærcfols ab nlstby sb rbaunb, cbafkotb ek fabotf`fnknfþo ab uol l cës ucirkebs, k uotrktkcfbotl afsyuotfvl, nlcl cunhl afnltþcfnk l trfnltþcfnk. Botærcfols nlonrbtls, pkrk utfefzkr nlo `fobs ab nlostrunnfþo ab uok tfplelgãkuok afcbosfþo nlcl be ofvbe ab abskrrleel bnloþcfnl, pubab sbr cësnlovbofbotb afvfafr els pkãsbs bo abskrrleekals y suiabskrrleekalsfabotf`fnkoal uo ucirke bo els vkelrbs ab els af`brbotbs ãoafnbs.

Foneusl ab bstk ckobrk, be oôcbrl ab tfpls plsfiebs qub surgbo ab eknlcifoknfþo subeb sbr cuy bebvkal. Zkrk akrols nubotk ikstk nkenuekr qub,sf qubrbcls nlostrufr uok tfplelgãk nlcifokoal nuktrlafcbosflobs-prlpfbakabs lpbrktfvfzkaks bo tærcfols afnltþcfnls,litbobcls afbnfsæfs tfpls plsfiebs. Ro oôcbrl tko ketl ab tfpls plsfiebshknb af`ãnfe ek fotbrprbtknfþo y be cfscl nlotrle cbotke ab ek rbkefakalidbtl ab bstuafl. Zlr el tkotl, sfbcprb bs obnbskrfl eebvkr k nkil uokrbaunnfþo ab eks nlcifoknflobs plsfiebs botrb els afstfotls bstkals/vkelrbsab eks afcbosflobs, lpbrknfþo qub, bo gbobrke, sb rbkefzk ab trbs ckobrks`uoakcbotkecbotb.

Ek prfcbrk tfbob nkrëntbr eþgfnl, bo be sbotfal ab qub uok rbeknfþobxfstbotb botrb als l cës afcbosflobs ab ek tfplelgãk bs el qub pubab pbrcftfr abaunfr qub nfbrtks nlcifoknflobs ab sus vkelrbs ol pubaboeþgfnkcbotb vbrf`fnkrsb. Ltrks rbaunnflobs sb litfbobo befcfokoalkqubeeks nlcifoknflobs ab bstkals/vkelrbs qub, kuoqub sbko nlonbifiebseþgfnkcbotb, ol sb ako bcpãrfnkcbotb l sb ako nlo tko plnk `rbnubonfkqub ol hknb `ketk bstkiebnbr uo tfpl bspbnfke.

;6 EKTKY^@BEA, Z. @., y IKYQLO, K. H., [ukeftktfvb..., lp. nft.




Zlr ôetfcl, nfbrtls grupls ab nlcifoknflobs bstkals/vkelrbs sb pubaborbkgrupkr duotls bo uo slel tfpl, bo iksb k nlosfabrknflobs prkgcëtfnksefgkaks k els lidbtfvls bspbnã`fnls ab ek fovbstfgknfþo 9:. Eks rbaunnflobsabe sbguoal tfpl, eks rbkefzkaks ab hbnhl bo iksb k nlosfabrknflobs ab`rbnubonfk bcpãrfnk, slo nfbrtkcbotb ebgãtfcks y ôtfebs. Hky qub hknbreks,

sfo bcikrgl, nlo nkutbek, bo nukotl qub tfpls nlo ikdk l ikdãsfck`rbnubonfk bcpãrfnk pubabo kyuakr k fabotf`fnkr els nksls absvfkals, slirbnuyk fcplrtkonfk vlevbrbcls ke `foke abe nkpãtuel.

Eks nlostrunnflobs tfpleþgfnks sb iksko nlcpebtkcbotb slirb prfonfpflsab ek eþgfnk neksf`fnktlrfk y pkrk beels slo vëefals els nrftbrfls abbxhkustfvfaka y bxneusfvfaka yk cbonflokals. Kabcës hky qub suirkykrqub ek rbnlostrunnfþo ab els prlnbsls nlostftutfvls ab eks tfplelgãks(fabotf`fnknfþo ab eks afcbosflobs, rbaunnfþo ab els bstkals y rbaunnfþo abeks nlcifoknflobs) bs uo bdbrnfnfl eþgfnl qub prbsbotk oucbrlsks vbotkdks.Ab hbnhl, bo ek eftbrkturk sb bonubotrko cunhls cës tfpls qub tfplelgãksnlcpebtks. El qub bs prblnupkotb, bo nukotl sugfbrb qub keguols ab beelshko sfal nrbkals k prlpþsftl, sfo hkibr bxpefnftkal nlcpebtkcbotb eknlostrunnfþo tfpleþgfnk ab ek qub sb absprboabo y sfo bxpefnkr, plr tkotl, abquæ tfpl sb trktk (tfpls bcpãrfnls, plpuekrbs, fabkebs). Bo bstls nksls,kpefnkr k plstbrflrf ek eþgfnk ab nlostftunfþo ke tfpl pbrcftb bxpefnftkrnlcpebtkcbotb ek tfplelgãk y plabr, plr tkotl, fabotf`fnkr y bvkeukr eksrbaunnflobs ab eks nlcifoknflobs qub sb hko rbkefzkal, ek plsfiebbxfstbonfk ab supbrplsfnflobs ab nksls (ol bxneusfvfaka) y ab nkslsabsvfkotbs.

Bo bstb kpkrtkal hbcls abafnkal cunhl cës bspknfl k eksneksf`fnknflobs y tfplelgãks qub k els ofvbebs ab cbafak rbprbsbotkals plreks bsnkeks. Bstk lpnfþo sb abrfvk abe hbnhl qub els tbxtls ab bstkaãstfnk ycbtlalelgãk abafnko cunhl bspknfl k bstls ôetfcls y ab ek nlovfnnfþo abqub, bo be bstkal kntuke, bo ek ckylr pkrtb ab els nkcpls ab eks nfbonfksslnfkebs tlakvãk bs obnbskrfl skibr neksf`fnkr y tblelgfzkr ifbo cës qubcbafr y nukotf`fnkr. Okturkecbotb, skibr lpbrkr ifbo nlo els prfcbrls olabib sfgof`fnkr kikoalokr els sbguoals= pbrl rbnurrfr k els sbguoals ol pbrcftb kikoalokr els prfcbrls9;. Eks neksf`fnknflobs y eks tfplelgãkslraboko be uofvbrsl ab els lidbtls y els knlotbnfcfbotls pleãtfnls= kyuako kek `lrcknfþo ab els nlonbptls k cbafr y nlostftuybo lidbtfvls nfbotã`fnls bosã, nuyk obnbsfaka sb sfbotb. Kabcës, slo ek iksb abe cætlal ab nlotrle ke

qub ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk rbnurrb nlo ckylr `rbnubonfk4 be cætlalnlcpkrkal.

;;. Ybeknflobs botrb vkrfkiebs

Nlovfbob rbnkpftuekr els prliebcks afsnutfals hkstk khlrk y sus rbeknflobsnlo ek kyuak ab uo bsqubck (`fg. 9.>) Hbcls pkrtfal ab ek ab`fofnfþo abe prliebck y ab ek fabotf`fnknfþo ab eks uofakabs y ab sus prlpfbakabsfcplrtkotbs pkrk be bstuafl= hbcls afsnutfal els prliebcks fohbrbotbs k ekab`fofnfþo nlonbptuke y lpbrktfvk ab æstls k trkvæs ab els prlnbsls ¼bfoafnknfþo. Be trktkcfbotl lpbrktfvl ab els nlonbptls els trkos`lrck bovkrfkiebs lpbrktfvks susnbptfiebs ab ksucfr bstkals af`brbotbs bo nkak nksl=bstkals qub sb ab`fobo plr trktkcfbotls afsnlotfouls bo iksb k prlnbsls ab`lrcknfþo ab neksf`fnknflobs y tfplelgãks y plr nlotfouls bo iksb k vkrfls

ofvbebs ab cbafak.

9: EKTKY^@BEA, Z. @., y IKYQLO, K. H., [ukeftktfvb...,lp. nft.9; ^KYQLYF, G., Ek Zleãtfnk..., lp. nft.



Bo bstb puotl, ek cktrfz fofnfke sb nlcplob fabkecbotb ab nksls qub

hbcls sbebnnflokal ab botrb eks uofakabs ab fovbstfgknfþo, ab eksvkrfkiebs y ab sus bstkals. Khlrk tbobcls qub pkskr k afsnutfr els prlnbslsab fovbstfgknfþo, ab bekilrknfþo ab hfpþtbsfs y nlo`frcknfþo ab eksrbeknflobs bcpãrfnks botrb eks vkrfkiebs. Bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs els tfpls abrbeknflobs qub sb iusnko slo, bo gbobrke, nkuskebs. Be lidbtfvl prfonfpke bsbe ab bxpefnkr bo be sbotfal ab ktrfiufr uok l cës nkusks k uo `boþcbol, abfabotf`fnkr sus nloafnflobs nkuskebs. Olrckecbotb, sb fabotf`fnko nlo be

olcirb ab vkrfkiebs abpboafbotbs els `boþcbols qub sb fotbotko bxpefnkr ynlo be ab vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs eks nloafnflobs nkuskebs qub sb suplobels abtbrcfoko 99.

^fo bcikrgl, foneusl iksëoalols sþel bo uo dufnfl ab sbotfal nlcôo, pkrknkak `boþcbol qub sb qufbrk bxpefnkr bo be sbotfal sbûkekal cës krrfik beoôcbrl ab eks nloafnflobs nkuskebs qub pubabo foèufr slirb æe bsbxtrbckakcbotb ketl. Nlo pkekirks ab uo nlolnfal bstuaflsl, ek sftuknfþofofnfke «bs uok* ab cuetfpefnfaka ab nloafnflobs (nkuskebs), ab nloùsfþoab su foèubonfk slirb el qub sb tfbob qub bxpefnkr y ab foabtbrcfoknfþorbspbntl k els b`bntls ab nkak nloafnfþo bo nlcifoknfþo½ 9>. El qub suplobqub bo tlal bstuafl nfbotã`fnl ek iôsqubak ab bxpefnknflobs nkuskebs, foneuslab okturkebzk prlikifeãstfnk, fcpefnk uo bsùbrzl ab rbaunnfþo abe oôcbrlab eks plsfiebs nloafnflobs nkuskebs y ab kfsekcfbotl ab uok nloafnfþo abltrk, ab tke clal qub qubab nekrl be pkpbe ab nkak uok ab beeks.

99 IYLWO, Y., Bxpekoktflo fo ^lnfke ^nfbonb, Nhfnkgl, Keafob, ;60>.9> ^CBE^BY . O. D., Nlcpkrktfvb Cbthlas..., lp. nft.



09 ^tb`kol I krtle fo f

Bo ek prëntfnk, ek rbaunnfþo ab eks plsfiebs nloafnflobs nkuskebs ab uo`boþcbol sb hknb fo prfcfs cbafkotb prlnbsls hburãstfnls qub sfcpef`fnko beuofvbrsl ab vkrfkiebs pltbonfkecbotb fcplrtkotbs. ^b ksucb qub nfbrtlsnloduotls ab vkrfkiebs ol slo foèuybotbs= tkotl sf slo nlolnfaks nlcl sf sloabsnlolnfaks, sb ebs suplob nlostkotbs y, plr tkotl, nlcl ol foèuybotbs

rbspbntl ke prliebck nlonrbtl. K bsk lpbrknfþo sb eb ak be olcirb ab rbnursl kek neëusuek ab nbtbrfs pkrfius 91. Ab bstb clal sb knbptk fcpeãnftkcbotb uokbstrktbgfk ab afvfsfþo abe trkikdl nfbo-tã`fnl bo ek qub kqubeel qub bs prliebck pkrk uo nfbrtl tfpl ab bstuafl sb nlosfabrk nlcl uo aktl qub ol foèuyb bo ltrlsy vfnbvbrsk. Nkak bo`lqub sb iksk obnbskrfkcbotb bo ek nlogbeknfþo ab uo nfbrtloôcbrl ab vkrfkiebs bo pkrëcbtrls nlo be `fo ab afsplobr ab uo bsqubckfotbrprbtktfvl nlotrlekieb cbotkecbotb. Ksã, plr bdbcpel, els bstuafls slirb ekrbeknfþo botrb vkelrbs, nueturk y nlcplrtkcfbotl rbnurrbo bo gbobrke k prlnbsls pkrkcætrfnls slirb be nlotbxtl fostftunfloke bo qub sb ckof`fbstk bstb fcpkntl=els qub bstuafko ek foèubonfk ab eks bstrunturks slnfkebs slirb be nlcplrtkcfbotlrbaunbo gbobrkecbotb k pkrëcbtrls els prlnbsls psfnleþgfnls cbafkotb elsnukebs sb prlaunb bstb fcpkntl= els clabels ab els bnlolcfstks nlosfabrko ekckylrãk ab eks vbnbs nlcl nlostkotbs sfo foèubonfk eks vkrfkiebs ab okturkebzk pleãtfnk y slnfke.

Be nkcpl ab eks vkrfkiebs nkuskebs pltbonfkecbotb lpbrktfvks, kôo abspuæsab rbaunfrel tko arëstfnkcbotb, sfgub sfboal sfbcprb ikstkotb kcpefl bo tlaltfpl ab fovbstfgknfþo. ^b fcplob uok lrgkofzknfþo ab bstk kcpeftua cbafkotb ek`lrcueknfþo ab hfpþtbsfs prbnfsks, qub slo, of cës of cbols, qub dufnfls slirb ekrbeknfþo nkuske bxfstbotb botrb uo oôcbrl rbaunfal ab vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs yek l eks vkrfkiebs abpboafbotbs. Keguok hfpþtbsfs bstë yk prbsbotb, ab `lrck cësl cbols bxpeãnftk, absab be nlcfbozl ab ek fovbstfgknfþo, y vk sfboal plstbrflr-cbotb k`fokak l claf`fnkak= ltrks pubabo surgfr bx olvl aurkotb ekrbkefzknfþo abe bstuafl, ab ek fotufnfþo nrbktfvk abe bstuaflsl l ab ek ifieflgrk`ãkbxfstbotb. Be prlnbsl ab `lrcueknfþo ab eks hfpþtbsfs bs, bo ab`foftfvk, cuyfaflsfonrësfnl y bsnkpk k nukequfbr fotbotl ab sfstbcktfzknfþo. Ol hky tbsþo of prlnbsl eþgfnl qub pubak plr sã sustftufr ek nrbktfvfaka abe fovbstfgkalr k bstbrbspbntl. Nukoal sb slstfbob qub nfbrtls fostrucbotls bstkaãstfnls pbrcftbo«absnuirfr½ hfpþtbsfs qub sb slcbtbo abspuæs k nlotrle sb levfak suirkykr qub

nkak tænofnk abib, bo nukequfbr nksl, kpefnkrsb k uo nloduotl rbektfvkcbotbrbaunfal ab vkrfkiebs, fabotf`fnkaks obnbskrfkcbotb k pkrtfr ab keguok hfpþtbsfsfcpeãnftk slirb su fcplrtkonfk.

;9. Els cætlals ab nlotrle

Cuy afstfotl bs bo nkcifl be prliebck abe nlotrle ab uok hfpþtbsfs abrbeknfþo botrb uok l cës vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs y ek vkrfkieb abpboafbotb. Be prlnbsl ab nlcprliknfþo 92 ab eks hfpþtbsfs pubab y abib slcbtbrsb k keguoksrbgeks cbtlaleþgfnks.

91 RYIKOF, G., Fotrlauzflob, bo G. RYIKOF (ba.), Ek pleãtfnk nlcpkrktk,Ilelofk, FF Cu-efol, ;67>, pp. 7->6.92 Ek plsfnfþo bpfstbcleþgfnk alcfokotb kntukecbotb ckotfbob qub bo ekfovbstfgkalrnfbotã`fnk ol bs kprlpfkal hkiekr ab «vbrf`fnknfþo½ ab eks hfpþtbsfs l tblrãks, bonukotl qubbe prlnbsl nlgolsnftfvl prlnbab slirb tlal cbafkotb ek «`kesf`fnknfþo½ ab æstks.Bstk tbsfs sbknekrkrë ke `foke abe nkpãtuel. K pbskr ab el ùoakal ab ek nrãtfnk, bo bstb tbxtl sbrbnurrb f tærcfol ab «vbrf`fnkr½ y «nlotrlekr½ bo sbotfal gbobrke, pkrk rb`brfrolstkotl k ek vbrf`fnknfþo bo sbotfal bstrfntl nlcl k ek `kesf`fnknfþo ab eks prlplsfnflobs. V beel pkrk ol rbnurrfr ke tær-




Ybspbntl k nukequfbr hfpþtbsfs ab rbeknfþo nkuske botrb vkrfks vkrfkiebs sb prbsbotko, ab hbnhl, nlostkotbcbotb als prliebcks4 ;) nþcl kfsekr uoknloafnfþo nkuske ab ek ltrk ab tke ckobrk qub sb nlolznk be pkpbe nkuskefoabpboafbotb ab nkak vkrfkieb= y 9) nþcl nlotrlekr sf ltrls tfpls abvkrfkiebs ol tbofaks bo nubotk afrbntkcbotb bo ek hfpþtbsfs foèuybo bo ek

rbeknfþo qub sb bstuafk y nþcl el hknbo. Bstb prlnbsl, qub pbrcftb gkokrnlotrle bcpãrfnl slirb plsfiebs ùbotbs ab vkrfknfþo ab eks vkrfkiebsfoabpboafbotbs, sb iksk, bo nkak tfpl ab fovbstfgknfþo nfbotã`fnk, bo ektrkos`lrcknfþo bo pkrëcbtrls ‑ l sbk, bo nlostkotbs qub ol foèuybo boek rbeknfþo ‑ ab keguoks ab eks vkrfkiebs lpbrktfvks qub sb slspbnhkfoèuybo bo eks vkrfkiebs abpboafbotbs. Cbafkotb ek trkos`lrcknfþo abvkrfkiebs lpbrktfvks bo nlostkotbs sb kntôk ab tke clal qub ek ckylr pkrtbab eks plsfiebs nloafnflobs nkuskebs ol vkrãbo, ab ckobrk qub ek foèubonfkab uok l keguoks nloafnflobs ‑ k eks qub bo nkcifl sb abdk vkrfkr ‑ pubak kfsekrsb y kokefzkrsb. Ybpftfboal bstk lpbrknfþo ab trkos`lrcknfþoab vkrfkiebs bo nlostkotbs ab clal sfstbcëtfnl pkrk tlaks eks vkrfkiebsqub sb slspbnhk pubako foèufr bo ek vkrfkieb abpboafbotb, ek bxpefnknfþosb hknb cës k`fokak y gbobrkefzkak 90.

Bstk eþgfnk ab ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo ab eks vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs sbbonubotrk bo ek iksb ab tlak fovbstfgknfþo nfbotã`fnk ab rbeknflobsnkuskebs. Els afstfotls cætlals ab fovbstfgknfþo y nlotrle nfbotã`fnl sbafstfogubo rbspbntl k bstk eþgfnk bo be clal y bo ek cbafak bo qub eksafstfotks nloafnflobs nkuskebs slo nlovbrtfaks bo pkrëcbtrls.

Els cætlals ab nlotrle y nlcprliknfþo ab eks hfpþtbsfs ab rbeknflobsnkuskebs k els qub sb rbnurrb bo ek fovbstfgknfþo nfbotã`fnk slo trbs4 becætlal bxpbrfcbotke, be cætlal bstkaãstfnl, be cætlal nlcpkrkal.Keguols kutlrbs nlosfabrko tkcifæo uo nukrtl cætlal, be cætlalhfstþrfnl, cfbotrks qub ltrls bxneuybo ab bstb bebonl ke cætlalnlcpkrkal. Qrktkrbcls bstls prliebcks cës kabekotb dustf`fnkoal ekafstfonfþo ab els trbs cætlals. Kquã fotbrbsk suirkykr qub els trbs cætlalssb af`brbonfko plr ek ckobrk nlcl rbsubevbo be prliebck nbotrke ab tlakfovbstfgknfþo nkuske4 ek trkos`lrcknfþo bo pkrëcbtrls ab eks vkrfkiebslpbrktfvks bxtbroks (eekckaks k cboual vkrfkiebs fotbrvfofbotbs) bfotbroks k ek rbeknfþo nkuske pekotbkak nlcl hfpþtbsfs, y qub bstkaf`brbonfk tfbob rbpbrnusflobs prlùoaks bo ek «pltbonfk½ ab nkak cætlal.

;>. Be nlotrle bxpbrfcbotke

Be cætlal bxpbrfcbotke sb nlosfabrk gbobrkecbotb nlcl be cætlalcës pltbotb pkrk bstkiebnbr y nlotrlekr rbeknflobs ab nkuskefaka botrbvkrfkiebs, ab tke clal qub sb subeb nlosfabrkr nlcl bqufvkebotb ke cætlalnfbotã`fnl. Bo be bxpbrfcbotl, sb fotrlaunbo abefibrkakcbotbclaf`fnknflobs ab els bstkals/vkelrbs ab eks vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs bfotbrvfofbotbs pkrk vkelrkr su b`bntl slirb els bstkals/vkelrbs ab eksvkrfkiebs abpboafbotbs. Ek nkrkntbrãstfnk afstfotfvk abe cætlalbxpbrfcbotke bs, pubs, ek plsfifefaka ab ckofpuekr els bstkals ab eks vkrfkiebs afrbntkcbotb nlotrlekoal su nrbknfþo (bs be fovbstfgkalr be qub abnfaby abtbrcfok quæ vkrãk y nuëotl). Bstl pbrcftb ek cëxfck plsfifefaka ab pkrkcbtrfzkr tlaks eks vkrfkiebs ab eks qub sb slspbnhk qub foèuybo bo ekvkrfknfþo

cfol «tbstkr½, kogefnfscl abnfafakcbotb hlrrfieb qub sb bstë afùoafboalbo els tbxtls ab cbtlalelgãk.90 ^CBE^BY , O. D., Nlcpkrktfvb Cbthlas..., lp. nft.



01 ^tb`kol Ikrtleãof

ab ek vkrfkieb abpboafbotb y, plr tkotl, kfsekreks y bvkeukr sus foèubonfksfoafvfaukebs. Bo ltrks pkekirks, rb`frfæoalols k oubstrk cktrfz ab nksls yvkrfkiebs, be cætlal bxpbrfcbotke iksk su pltbonfk bo ek plsfifefaka abnkcifkr be bstkal ab uok vkrfkieb sfo hknbr vkrfkr tkcifæo tlals elsbstkals ab eks ltrks vkrfkiebs. Ab hbnhl, pubs, ek cktrfz ab els aktls ek

nrbk be fovbstfgkalr sbgôo sus bxfgbonfks nlgolsnftfvks.Ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo cbafkotb be cætlal bxpbrfcbotke pbrcftb, pubs,ckxfcfzkr els `kntlrbs rbqubrfals pkrk b`bntukr fo`brbonfks nkuskebsnlrrbntks4 ;) ek prbnbabonfk tbcplrke ab eks vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbsrbspbntl k eks vkrfkiebs abpboafbotbs (bo nukotl qub ek fotrlaunnfþo abebstãcuel prbnbab ke b`bntl lisbrvkal= 9) ek nlostkotb kslnfknfþo botrb eksals vkrfkiebs (grknfks k ek plsfifefaka ab rbpbtfr be bxpbrfcbotl boaf`brbotbs nloafnflobs)= >) ek vkefabz ab ek rbeknfþo bstkiebnfak, l sbk behbnhl ab qub sbk rbkecbotb be prlauntl ab ek vkrfknfþo ab ek vkrfkiebfoabpboafbotb y ol ab ltrks vkrfkiebs bxtbroks (bo' nukotl bs plsfieb bxneufrek foèubonfk ab tlaks eks abcës vkrfkiebs=' ckotbofæoaleks nlostkotbs) 97 .

Bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs, be cætlal ab nlotrle bxpbrfcbotke sb utfefzksþel bo nkcpls ikstkotb rbaunfals, bo be bstuafl ab cfnrl `boþcbols ykpefnkal k grupls pbqubûls. Bs fcplsfieb claf`fnkr nlo bstãcuels bxtbrolsek okturkebzk lrgkofzktfvk ab uo sfoafnktl l be rægfcbo nlostftunfloke ab uo pkãs. Bo nkcifl, bo be ëciftl ab prliebcëtfnks cës rbaunfaks sã bs plsfiebrbnurrfr k afsbûls ab fovbstfgknfþo bxpbrfcbotkebs. Bo beels ols knbrnkclsk ek eþgfnk bxpbrfcbotke nlo`rlotkoal els rbsuetkals ab als grupls abfoafvfauls, uol ab els nukebs sb slcbtb k bstãcuel (plr bdbcpel, ekclaf`fnknfþo abe bstkal ab uok l vkrfks vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs) y be ltrlol (grupl ab nlotrle). Eks af`brbonfks hkeekaks bo eks vkrfkiebs abpbo-afbotbs sb ktrfiuybo ke b`bntl abe bstãcuel 98.

Zkrk plobr uo bdbcpel nlonrbtl, pbosbcls bo be nksl bo qub sb qufbrknlotrlekr ek rbeknfþo qub efgk be ofvbe ab pkrtfnfpknfþo bebntlrke (vkrfkiebabpboafbotb) nlo abtbrcfokals bsùbrzls ab prlpkgkoak pleãtfnk ab els pkrtfals, ek prlpkgkoak nksk plr nksk ab els cfeftkotbs l be bovãl abcktbrfke prlpkgkoaãstfnl (vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs). Qrks hkibrsbebnnflokal sbgôo eks rbgeks ab cubstrbl bstkaãstfnl als grupls abbebntlrbs, sb slcbtb k uol ab beels ke bstãcuel ab ek prlpkgkoak cfeftkotb.Eks bvbotukebs af`brbonfks bo be ofvbe ab pkrtfnfpknfþo bebntlrke ab els alsgrupls sb ktrfiuybo ke fcpkntl ab els bstãcuels fotrlaunfals. Bstb bdbcpel

bstë cuy sfcpef`fnkal. Be afsbûl ab fovbstfgknfþo bxpbrfcbotke pubabkenkozkr ofvbebs ab ketk sl`fstfnknfþo, kûkafboal ltrls grupls abnlcpkrknfþo (slcbtfals ke bxpbrfcbotl) l ab nlotrle (ol slcbtfals kebxpbrfcbotl), sbebnnflokals nlo nrftbrfls ab cubstrbl nksuke l ol,lisbrvkals kotbs y/l abspuæs abe bxpbrfcbotl. Bstks af`brbotbs sleunflobs pubabo nlcifokrsb bo be fotbotl ab ckxfcfzkr ek vkefabz abe bxpbrfcbotl yek ̀ fkifefaka ab eks nloneusflobs litbofaks.

Kpkrtb ab els nlcpebdls prliebck< tænofnls qub fcpefnk bstk bstrktbgfk, belidbtfvl bs be ab litbobr be ckylr grkal plsfieb ab nlotrle slirb eks ùbotbsab vkrfknfþo ab eks vkrfkiebs abpboafbotbs cbafkotb ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo prlgrbsfvk abe ckylr oôcbrl plsfieb ab vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs. ^fobcikrgl, be afsbûl ab fovbstfgknfþo bxpbrfcbotke bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebsol bs bqufpkrkieb k ek bxpbrfcbotknfþo bo eks nfbonfks okturkebs. Zlr cësbsùbrzls qub hkgkcls, bo be koëefsfs ab els `boþcbols slnfl-pleãtfnls ol

sb nlosfgub uo nlotrle afrbntl slirb tlaks eks nloafnflobs nkuskebs plsfiebs.

97 IEKELNM , H. C., dr., Nkuske Fo`brbonbs fo Olobxpbrfcbotke Ybsbkrnh(;60;), Oubvk Vlrm, Olrtlo Efirkry, ;679.9> NKCZIBEE, A. Q., y ^QKOEBV, D., Bxpbrfcbotke koa[uksf-Bxpbrfcbotke Ybsbkrnh, Nhfnkgl, Ykoa CnOkeey, ;602= trka.nkstbeekok, Afsbûls bxpbrfcbotkebs y nuksf-bxpbrfcbotkebs bo ekfovbstfgknfþo, Iubols Kfrbs, Kclrrlrtu, ;676.




;1. Be nlotrle bstkaãstfnl

Bo ek grko ckylrãk ab els prliebcks k qub sb bo`rbotko eks nfbonfkshuckoks ol bs plsfieb ckofpuekr ek rbkefaka l fotrlaunfr bo beek bstãcuelsbxtbrols. Zkrk bstkiebnbr rbeknflobs botrb `boþcbols sb rbnurrb k cætlals

ab bstuafl ab su nlvkrfknfþo bo be nloduotl ab nksls qub sb bxkcfoko.Zlofboal bo rbeknfþo cës vkrfkiebs bo els afstfotls nksls sb trktk abbstkiebnbr nþcl y nuëotl nlvkrãko sus bstkals y sf ab ek vkrfknfþonlcifokak qub rbsuetk sb pubab foaunfr uok nfbrtk rbeknfþo botrb eksvkrfkiebs nlosfabrkaks96.

Okturkecbotb, bo bstb cætlal ek vkrfknfþo ab els bstkals/vkelrbs abuok vkrfkieb sb litfbob k trkvæs ab ek tlck bo nlosfabrknfþo ab nkslsafvbrsls. Bstl fcpefnk qub ke nkcifl ab eks vkrfkiebs bxkcfokaksnlrrbsploab tkcifæo uo nkcifl, nksl plr nksl, ab tlaks eks ltrks vkrfkiebs prbsbotbs bo ek cktrfz ab aktls nlostrufak bo oubstrk fovbstfgknfþo (y,kabcës, vkrãko tkcifæo eks prlpfbakabs ab els nksls ol foneufals booubstrk fovbstfgknfþo). Ksã pubs, `rbotb k ek nkrkntbrfzknfþo ab uok rbeknfþonkuske abibcls nlosfabrkr qub beek bs sþel uok abotrl ab uok rba abrbeknflobs abtbrcfokaks plr be vkrfkr ab tlaks eks vkrfkiebs ab nksl k nksly qub plarãko bxfstfr ltrks rbeknflobs kôo cës fcplrtkotbs qub ek absnuifbrtk y nkpknbs ab abtbrcfokrek botbrkcbotb.

Bstk bs ek sftuknfþo «olrcke½ k qub abib bo`rbotkrsb be fovbstfgkalr. ^fsb afsplob ab uo grko oôcbrl ab nksls, be cætlal bstkaãstfnl pbrcftb ekkpefnknfþo ab tænofnks cktbcëtfnks ke uofvbrsl l k uok cubstrk ab æe pkrklitbobr els cfscls b`bntls ab trkos`lrcknfþo ab vkrfkiebs lpbrktfvks bo pkrëcbtrls qub yk hbcls nftkal nlcl bsbonfke bsùbrzl nlgoftfvl. Rokcpefl rbpbrtlrfl ab tænofnks bstkaãstfnks ‑ keguoks ikstkotb nlcpebdks ysl`fstfnkaks ‑ pbrcftb bstkiebnbr rbeknflobs ab nlvkrfknfþo botrb vkrfkiebsy absnlotkr y nlotrlekr be fcpkntl slirb bsk rbeknfþo ab ltrks vkrfkiebsfoèuybotbs, pbrl ab cbolr fcplrtkonfk. Eks tænofnks bstkaãstfnks pbrcftbo,kabcës, k`rlotkr nlo ckylr sbgurfaka be prliebck ab kvkozkr prlpubstksrbektfvks k uo `boþcbol, k pkrtfr abe koëefsfs ab uok pbqubûk pkrtb ab eksuofakabs abe uofvbrsl (els nksls bsnlgfals), cbafkotb uok sbrfb ab prlnbafcfbotls nkpknbs ab pltbonfkr ek foaunnfþo ab ek cubstrk keuofvbrsl, utfefzkoal ek tblrãk ab eks prlikifefakabs pkrk bvkeukr be brrlr abbstfcknfþo ab bstk foaunnfþo.

Be cætlal bstkaãstfnl bs, plr tkotl, uo cætlal cuy pltbotb ababsnuirfcfbotl y nlotrle ab eks rbeknflobs botrb vkrfkiebs, kuoqub cbols pltbotb qub be bxpbrfcbotke. Akal qub els bstkals ab eks vkrfkiebs ol sbckofpueko bo uok afrbnnfþo qubrfak of sb ckotfbobo nlostkotbs, ol bs plsfieb bstkiebnbr ek prbnbabonfk tbcplrke ab uok vkrfkieb rbspbntl k eksltrks. Zlr nlosfgufbotb, eks kslnfknflobs qub sb pubako bstkiebnbr ol pbrcftbo hknbr k`frcknflobs sbgurks knbrnk ab ek afrbnnfþo nkuske ab ekrbeknfþo qub sb hk absnuifbrtl. Bstkiebnfak uok nfbrtk rbeknfþo botrb X b V,kvbrfgukr sf be prfcbrl bs nkusk abe sbguoal l vfnbvbrsk bs uok nubstfþo abfotbrprbtknfþo tbþrfnk, b`bntukak k cboual bo iksb k «ltrls nlolnfcfbo-tls½ qub plsbb be fovbstfgkalr >:. Kabcës, foneusl bo be cætlal bstkaãstfnl,ek plsfifefaka ab nlotrlekr ek foèubonfk pltbonfke ab els nkcifls ab eksvkrfkiebs bxtbroks bs efcftkak. Ol bs plsfieb tænofnkcbotb, of vbotkdlslhburãstfnkcbotb, foneufr bo uo clabel tlaks eks vkrfkiebs qub sb suplobqub pubako sbr foèuybotbs.

96 IEKELNM , H. C., dr., ^lnfke ^tktfstfns, Oubvk Vlrm, CnGrkw-Hfee,;60:.>: CKYYKAF, K., Nlonbttf..., lp. nft.




;2. Be nlotrle nlcpkrkal

Nukoal be oôcbrl ab nksls abe bstuafl bs fosu`fnfbotb pkrk akrvbrknfaka ke cætlal y/l ek lpbrktfvfzknfþo ab eks vkrfkiebs sb prbstk cke kek utfefzknfþo ab tænofnks bstkaãstfnks bs prbnfsl botlonbs rbnurrfr ke

cætlal nlcpkrkal ab nlotrle ab eks hfpþtbsfs4 uo cætlal nekrkcbotbcbols pltbotb qub els kotbrflrbs y k ek vbz cës nlcpebdl.Keguols ofbgko ek bxfstbonfk ab uo cætlal kutþolcl ab nlotrle

nlcpkrkal bo gbobrke, bo iksb ke krgucbotl ab qub tkcifæo hkynlcpkrknfþo bo be cætlal bxpbrfcbotke y bo be bstkaãstfnl. Bsb krgucbotlbo bsk `lrck bs nlrrbntl. Cbdlr, sb pubab eebvkr cës ebdls hkstk slstbobrqub ek kntfvfaka cbotke ab nlcpkrknfþo bs fohbrbotb ke pboskcfbotl ynlcl tke suiyknb bo tlak `lrck ab nlolnfcfbotl y dufnfl, foneusl eks qubek vfak prbsbotk nltfafkokcbotb (absab ek nlcprk ab uo tbebvfslr k ekbebnnfþo ab ek nlek cës nlrtk bo eks vbotkofeeks ab uok l`fnfok ab nlrrbls).Bo bstb sbotfal, be bdbrnfnfl ab ek nlcpkrknfþo bs uo prlnbsl cbotkenlostftutfvl b fcpeãnftl abe pboskcfbotl y nlcl tke ol sb pubab nlosfabrkruo cætlal ab nlotrle nfbotã`fnl, foabpboafbotbcbotb ab su ùbrzk labifefaka bo nukotl tke.

^fo bcikrgl, bo el qub sb rb`fbrb bspbnã`fnkcbotb k ek fovbstfgknfþo

pleãtfnk, k bstk krgucbotknfþo sb pubabo prbsbotkr als lidbnflobs abafstfotk okturkebzk b fcplrtkonfk. Ek prfcbrk bs qub bo bstk knbpnfþogbobrke ek nlcpkrknfþo bs uo prlnbsl kcpefkcbotb fcpeãnftl y ekbxpefnftknfþo ab els nrftbrfls ab els cætlals nb nlcpkrknfþo bs bsbonfke pkrk be qub qufbrb nlotrlekr sus gbobrkefzknflobs ab clal trkospkrbotbfotbrsuidbtfvkcbotb. Ek cbtlalelgãk nlcpkrkak sb fcplob ek tkrbk cãofckab sustrkbr ek kntfvfaka ab nlcpkrknfþo abe rbfol ab el fcpeãnftl y a b el olsfstbcëtfnl, pkrk hknbrek bxpeãnftk y sfstbcëtfnk. Bstb prlnbsl fabotf`fnk sus puotls ab ùbrzk y ab abifefaka, y plr el tkotl eks tkrbks y els nksls abkpefnknfþo y vkefabz>;. Ek sbguoak lidbnfþo ‑ ab ckylr fcplrtkonfk ‑ sb rb`fbrb k qub bo els

prliebcks ab nlotrle ab eks nfbonfks slnfkebs bo be tbck cbonflokal, sbnloùoab ek l eks nlcpkrknflobs nlo be cætlal ab nlotrle nlcpkrkal. ^bnloùoab ek kntfvfaka gboærfnk ab nlcpkrkr (qub pubab tbobr afvbrsks`fokefakabs) nlo uo prlnbsl nlgolsnftfvl bspbnã`fnl litbofal k trkvæs ab eknlcpkrknfþo4 ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo ab eks vkrfkiebs bxtbroks k ek rbeknfþo qubsb nlosfabrk nlcl hfpþtbsfs. Be prliebck nbotrke ab tlal fotbotl abvbrf`fnknfþo y nlotrle ab uok rbeknfþo nkuske botrb als vkrfkiebs nlosfstb bokouekr y nlotrlekr ek foèubonfk ab ltrks vkrfkiebs bxtbroks pltbonfkebs= ybstb prliebck sþel sb pubab rbslevbr cbafkotb uok pkrkcbtrfzknfþo qub ekshkgk ol foèuybotbs. Bo rbeknfþo k bstb kspbntl nbotrke, be cætlalbxpbrfcbotke y be bstkaãstfnl l`rbnbo afvbrsks sleunflobs. El cfscl hknbbe cætlal nlcpkrkal4 be cfscl lidbtfvl ab `loal= ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo, y, plr tkotl, be nlotrle ab eks vkrfkiebs bxtbroks, sb k`rlotk bo be cætlalnlcpkrkal ab ckobrk af`brbotb k els ltrls y bo beel iksk su kutlolcãknlcl cætlal ab nlotrle.

Nukoal ol bs plsfieb ckofpuekr els bstkals ab eks vkrfkiebs bxtbroks ofnlotrlekr nlo tænofnks bstkaãstfnks ek foèubonfk ab sus nkcifls, sfgubsfboal plsfieb rbkgrupkr bo neksbs l tfpls els nksls qub sb bxkcfoko bo iksb k els bstkals ab eks vkrfkiebs bxtbroks, k `fo ab nlotrlekr ek rbeknfþobotrb vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs y abpboafbotbs bo nkak neksb sbpkrkak

nkrkntbrfzkak plr ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo ab >e EFDZHKYQ, K., Fecbtlal abeek nlcpkrkzflob, bo «Yfvfstk ftkefkok afsnfbozk pleãtfnk½, ;, ;67;,, pp. 00-69= RYIKOF, G., Fotrlauzflob..., lp.nft.= ^KYQLYF, G,` Ek Zleãtfnk.. , lp. nft.




uok l cës vkrfkiebs bxtbroks pltbonfkecbotb ol foèuybotbs. Afnhl ab ltrkckobrk, be prlnbsl ab neksf`fnknfþo ksucb be pkpbe ùoakcbotke abe prlnbsl ab pkrkcbtrfzknfþo bo nukotl els nksls qub pbrtbobnbo k uokcfsck neksb slo, bo b`bntl, ksfcfekals prbnfskcbotb bo iksb k eknlostkonfk ab ek prlpfbaka qub nlostftuyb be nrftbrfl ab su kgrupkcfbotl.

Ek eþgfnk nlcôo k tlal cætlal ab nlotrle ‑

ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo ab eksvkrfkiebs ‑ sb ckof`fbstk bo be cætlal nlcpkrkal k trkvæs ab prlnbsls abneksf`fnknfþo y rbneksf`fnknfþo bo grupls ab els nksls, sbgôo eks vkrfkiebsfoabpboafbotbs l fotbrvfofbotbs nuyl b`bntl sb qufbrb kouekr bo nkaklnksfþo.

Zlr bdbcpel, sf qubrbcls nlotrlekr plr uo pbrãlal abtbrcfokal uokhfpþtbsfs qub efgk nkuskecbotb be oôcbrl ab pkrtfals bo eks nlkefnflobsguibrokcbotkebs nlo ek bstkifefaka (bo be sbotfal ab aurknfþo tbcplrke) abæstks y afsplofboal ab uo oôcbrl rbaunfal ab nksls ‑ plr bdbcpel, els pkãsbs abclnrëtfnls burlpbls ab ek plstgubrrk ‑ sb plarë bstkiebnbr ekbxfstbonfk ab uok nfbrtk rbeknfþo cës l cbols ùbrtb botrb eks alsvkrfkiebs. ^fo bcikrgl, hkirë qub nlotrlekr tkcifæo qub bsk rbeknfþo olbstæ, k su vbz, foèufak l foneusl abtbrcfokak plr ltrls `kntlrbs bxtbrols.Bs rkzlokieb slspbnhkr qub ek bxfstbonfk l ol ab abtbrcfokalscbnkofscls fostftunflokebs abstfokals k bstkifefzkr be bdbnutfvl (nlcl, plr bdbcpel, els qub fcplobo ab hbnhl be rbnursl k eks bebnnflobs bo nkaknkãak abe glifbrol) tbogk uo pbsl bo ek rbeknfþo bonlotrkak. Zkrk nlotrlekrbsb pbsl y kouekrel ab ek rbeknfþo absnuifbrtk, k ofvbe gbobrke bs prbnfslneksf`fnkr els nksls bo grupls sbgôo ek bxfstbonfk l ol ab bstlscbnkofscls (y ab su ckylr l cbolr fcplrtkonfk) y vlevbr k bstuafkr ekrbeknfþo bo be fotbrflr ab nkak suineksb ab nksls. Bo nkak uok ab beeks, ekfoèubonfk ab els nftkals cbnkofscls fostftunflokebs sb pkrkcbtrfzk= bsabnfr, sb ckotfbob nlostkotb. Nlcpkrkoal ek okturkebzk ab ek rbeknfþobotrb oôcbrl ab pkrtfals bo be glifbrol y ek aurknfþo ab eks nlkefnflobs pkrk nkak neksb sb tfbob ek plsfifefaka ab bvkeukr be fcpkntl ab eksvkrfkiebs fotbrvfofbotbs slirb ek rbeknfþo botrb vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotb yabpboafbotbs, ksã nlcl, ke cfscl tfbcpl, vbrf`fnkr ek vkefabz ab ekrbeknfþo kvkozkak nlcl hfpþtbsfs. Ek lpbrknfþo sb pubab rbpbtfr pkrk ltrksvkrfkiebs rbneksf`fnkoal els nksls rbspbntl k sus bstkals.

Bstb bdbcpel knekrk ek eþgfnk abe nlotrle nlcpkrkal y pbrcftbfotrlaunfr ek afsnusfþo ab uok sbrfb ab prliebcks qub sþel plarbcls

bouonfkr. Bo prfcbr eugkr, be cætlal ab nlotrle nlcpkrkal plobnekrkcbotb bo bvfabonfk ek fcplrtkonfk ab els prliebcks ab trktkcfbotlvbrtfnke (bsnkeks ab kistrknnfþo) y hlrfzlotke (neksf`fnknfþo) ab elsnlonbptls. Els prliebcks ab neksf`fnknfþo slo pkrtb bsbonfke abe cætlalnlcpkrkal, bo tkotl qub nlostftuybo uo fostrucbotl pkrk nlotrlekr eksùbotbs ab vkrfknfþo. Eks botfakabs qub pbrtbobnbo k uok cfsck neksb olvkrãko rbspbntl k ek nkrkntbrãstfnk qub ab`fob ek neksb. Bo nlosbnubonfk, keneksf`fnkr els nksls pkrk be koëefsfs nlcpkrkal be fovbstfgkalr hknb ksã qubnfbrtks nkrkntbrãstfnks ab uo `boþcbol sb trkos`lrcbo bo pkrëcbtrls pkrkels `fobs abe koëefsfs. Bo bstb sbotfal ek neksf`fnknfþo yk nlovfbrtb pltbonfkebs vkrfkiebs lpbrktfvks bo pkrëcbtrls y tlak plstbrflrsuineksf`fnknfþo kûkab ltrl nlotrle pkrkcætrfnl kafnfloke.

Foneusl bo el qub sb rb`fbrb ke trktkcfbotl vbrtfnke k el ekrgl ab bsnkeksab kistrknnfþo, be cætlal nlcpkrkal plob ab ckof`fbstl keguols prliebcks gbobrkebs ab ek fovbstfgknfþo. Nlcpkrkoal uofakabs

slnfl-pleãtfnks af`brbotbs ‑

bo ek ckylr pkrtb ab els nksls, pkãsbs ysfstbcks pleãtfnls afstfotls- bs prbnfsl rbnurrfr k nlonbptls nlcpkrkals ol pbnuefkrbs ab uok abtbrcfokak nueturk= l ifbo k nlonbptls cës kistrkntlsy bxtbosfvls, nuyks lpbrktfvfzknflobs obnbsftko prlnbsls ab foafnknfþocbols afrbntk y kucbotko els prliebcks ab ek vkefabz ab els foafnkalrbs.




Bo ltrks pkekirks, ek okturkebzk cuy nukeftktfvk abe cætlal nlcpkrkal plob nekrkcbotb bo bvfabonfk ‑ sfo qub sb pubak bsnloabr trks sleunflobsnukotftktfvks ‑ ek tbosfþo nlostkotb botrb ek bsnksk foneusfvfaka (bxtbosfþo)ab nktbglrãks nueturkecbotb bspbnã`fnks y ek nkrbonfk ab nlotbofal ab ekscuy foneusfvks. El qub bxfgb uok ktbonfþo nlostkotb ke koëefsfs nlonbptuke

bo tærcfols ab rbeknflobs botrb fotbosfþo y bxtbosfþo, akal qub eknkpknfaka ab nlcpkrknfþo abpboab bo ab`foftfvk abe ofvbe ab gbobrkefakaabe ebogukdb k qub sb rbnurrb >9.

Zlr ôetfcl, hky qub cbonflokr uok sbrfb ab prliebcks fotrãosbnls kecætlal nlcpkrkal qub fabotf`fnko sus abifefakabs fotbroks y qub hknbo qubsbk be cbols «ùbrtb½ ab els cætlals ab nlotrle, kuoqub k vbnbs bs be ôofnlk qub sb pubab rbnurrfr. Absab ek pbrspbntfvk abe nlotrle pkrkcætrfnl ab eksvkrfkiebs fotbrvfofbotbs bxfstb uok nlotrkafnnfþo fotrãosbnk botrb ekobnbsfaka ab kcpefkr el cës plsfieb be oôcbrl ab nksls k nlotbcpekr y ekab rbaunfrel bo ek cfsck cbafak. Qkotl pkrk akr uo nkrëntbr cës gbobrke keks nloneusflobs nlcl pkrk plabr rbkefzkr eks pkrkcbtrfzknflobs ab cësvkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs l fotbrvfofbotbs, bs obnbskrfl kcpefkr be oôcbrl abnksls, ifbo afrbntkcbotb l ifbo fotrlaunfboal ek afcbosfþo tbcplrke ‑ pbrcftfboal qub els bstkals ab eks vkrfkiebs nkcifbo ol sþel ab nksl bonksl sfol tkcifæo ab pbrãlal bo pbrãlal pkrk nkak nksl >>. Ab hbnhl, ek plsfifefaka ab gkokr nlotrle slirb eks vkrfkiebs fotbrvfofbotbs k trkvæs abneksf`fnknflobs y suineksf`fnknflobs sb tlpk nlo be eãcftb qub eb fcplob ekrbstrfnnfþo abe oôcbrl ab nksls qub pubab nrbkr rëpfakcbotb nfksbs nlo`rbnubonfk bcpãrfnk abcksfkal ikdk nlcl pkrk plabr bstkiebnbrnloneusflobs. Zlr ltrk pkrtb, bs bvfabotb qub be kucbotl abe oôcbrl abnksls abtbrcfok be kucbotl ab eks pltbonfkebs nloafnflobs nkuskebs y, plrtkotl, be oôcbrl ab vkrfkiebs fotbrvfofbotbs qub hky qub nlotrlekr.

Zkrk nlosbgufr be cëxfcl nlotrle slirb be nlotbxtl ab ek nlcpkrknfþohkirãk qub efcftkrek k ërbks pleãtfnl-nueturkebs rbaunfaks, k nkslshlclgæobls, l ifbo k plnls nksls. Bo tke bvbotukefaka els nksls cëshlclgæobls bo rbeknfþo k els nlotbxtls pbrcftbo nlosfabrkr nlcl pkrëcbtrls tlaks sus sbcbdkozks y hlclgbobfakabs, kouekoal nlclnlostkotb su foèubonfk slirb ek rbeknfþo qub sb bstuafk. Afnhl ab ltrlclal, ek pkrkcbtrfzknfþo ab eks vkrfkiebs fotbrvfofbotbs sb rbkefzk bo uoknfbrtk cbafak kotb-`kntl bo be cfscl prlnbsl ab sbebnnfþo ab els nksls >1.

^fo bcikrgl, be oôcbrl ab nksls hlclgæobls bs tko efcftkal qub ol

tboarbcls cunhks plsfifefakabs ab pkrkcbtrfzkr cbafkotb su rbkgrupknfþok eks vkrfkiebs foabpboafbotbs b fotbrvfofbotbs. Kabcës, eks nloneusflobstbþrfnks qub sb abrfvbo ab bstk bstrktbgfk tfbobo uo kenkonb efcftkal bonukotl qub, prbnfskcbotb, bo nkak nksl be pkpbe ab eks vkrfkiebsfotbrvfofbotbs ol bstë nlotrlekal bxpeãnftkcbotb. Ab hbnhl, bo eksnlcpkrknflobs botrb nksls ab cëxfck hlclgbobfaka eks vkrfkiebsnlotbxtukebs fotbrvfofbotbs sb nlovfbrtbo bo pkrëcbtrls sfo foèubonfk sþelrbspbntl k kqubeels nksls. Bo nukotl sb kcpeãk be oôcbrl ab nksls, keguoksab bsks vkrfkiebs pkrkcbtrfzkaks, ke nkcifkr ab bstkal, vubevbo k botrkrnlcl vkrfkiebs lpbrktfvks pltbonfkebs. El qub pbrcftb `lrcuekr hfpþtbsfs ytblrãks cës nlcpebtks, pbrl qub ols eebvk ke prliebck, rbnfæo afsnutfal,fohbrbotb k ek kcpefknfþo ab els nksls y ab eks lisbrvknflobs. Zlr bstlscltfvls sb hk ab`boafal ek obnbsfaka ab uok bstrktbgfk nlcpkrktfvk ikskakbo ek sbebnnfþo ab nksls cuy

>9 ^KYQLYF, G., Ek Zleãtfnk..., lp. nft.>> EFDZHKYQ, K., // cætlal..., lp. nft.>1 EFÃZHKYQ, K., Qhb Nlcpkrkieb Nksbs ^trktbgy fo Nlcpkrktfvb

Ybsbkrnh, bo «Nlcpkrk-tfvb Zleftfnke ^tuafbs½, 7, ;672.




hbtbrlgæobls bo els nlotbxtls. Bo bstb nksl sb kpefnk uok eþgfnk afstfotk4tlak sfcfeftua ckof`bstkak bo eks rbeknflobs botrb vkrfkiebs bo nlotbxtlshbtbrlgæobls eebvk k nlosfabrkr nlcl ol foèuybotbs slirb ek rbeknfþo ekshbtbrlgbobfakabs nlotbxtukebs. K bstks ôetfcks sb eks hknb fotbrvbofr bo ekfotbrprbtknfþo sþel nukoal sb fotbrrucpbo eks sbcbdkozks >2. Ol ols

abtbobcls cës slirb bstb bo`lqub ketbroktfvl ‑

nlcôocbotb nlolnfalnlcl cætlal ab els clst afssfcfekr systbtos ‑ , qub pkrbnb nkpkz ab prlaunfr sus cbdlrbs rbsuetkals slirb tlal bo be nkcpl ab els koëefsfs ikskals slirb aktls ab sloabls fotbroknflokebs.

Be prliebck fohbrbotb k ek bebnnfþo abe oôcbrl l abe tfpl ab nksls aklrfgbo ab hbnhl k afvbrsls tfpls ab afsbûls nlcpkrkals ab fovbstfgknfþo ‑ nkrkntbrfzkals plr vkrfks vbotkdks/fonlovbofbotbs bo nukotl ke prliebckabe nlotrle ab eks vkrfkiebs fotbrvfofbotbs y qub ol plabcls bxkcfokr boabtkeeb. Hky qub suirkykr bo prfcbr eugkr qub be cætlal nlcpkrkal tfbobabifefakabs bvfabotbs nlcl cætlal ab nlotrle y bs nekrkcbotb cbols pltbotb qub els cætlals kotbrflrbs. Zbrl, nlo `rbnubonfk, bs be ôofnlcætlal ke qub be fovbstfgkalr pubab rbnurrfr y bstë altkal ab sus rbgeksbspbnã`fnks y ab prlnbafcfbotls ab nlotrle qub el afstfogubo abe cætlalbxpbrfcbotke y abe bstkaãstfnl. Hknbr nlcpkrknflobs ol bs el cfscl, pubs,qub utfefzkr be cætlal nlcpkrkal ab nlotrle, abe cfscl clal qub be rb-nursl k aktls y ùbotbs bstkaãstfnks ol sfgof`fnk utfefzkr be cætlalbstkaãstfnl. Ab khã abrfvk ek `ketk ab ùoakcbotl ab tlaks bskskrgucbotknflobs qub nloùoabo els als cætlals, k`frckoal qub «nukoalsb nlcpkrk sb usko tkcifæo fostrucbotls bstkaãstfnls½ l qub, ke rbvæs,«nukoal sb rbkefzko koëefsfs bstkaãstfnls hknb `ketk ab kegôo clalnlcpkrkr½.

Bo bstls ôetfcls kpkrtkals hbcls afsnutfal els afstfotls cætlalsabsab ek pbrspbntfvk ab su nkpknfaka ab nlotrle ab hfpþtbsfs yk`lrcuekaks. Hbcls suirkykal qub ofoguol ab bstls cætlals sb pubabutfefzkr bo uok fovbstfgknfþo sf ol bs rb`brfal k keguoks hfpþtbsfs ab pkrtfakqub, nlcl slo gbobrkebs, ol nfrnuosnrfibo be ëciftl ab kpefnknfþo. Berbnursl k bstks cbtlalelgãks, sfo auak, pubab ol sþel eebvkr krb`lrcueknflobs y k`fokcfbotls ab eks hfpþtbsfs fofnfkebs, sfol tkcifæo, bonfbrtls nksls, k ek `lrcueknfþo ab hfpþtbsfs nlcpebtkcbotb oubvks. V bstk prlaunnfþo y rb`fokcfbotl sb prlaunbo bo be nlotbxtl ab uok kpefnknfþoabe cætlal tboabotb k nlotrlekr ek vkefabz ab eks hfpþtbsfs fofnfkebs k pkrtfr

ab eks nukebs hk bcpbzkal ek fovbstfgknfþo. Zlr bstb cltfvl hbcls prb`brfal nkrkntbrfzkr bstls cætlals slirb tlal nlcl cætlals ab nlotrlecës qub ab `lrcueknfþo ab hfpþtbsfs. Zlr ltrk pkrtb, tkebs cætlals ol plsbbo bo bxneusfvk be clolplefl abe prlnbsl ab `lrcknfþo ab ekshfpþtbsfs. ^ã tfbobo, bo nkcifl ‑ l abibrãko tbobrel bo uok iubokfovbstfgknfþo ‑ , be clolplefl ab els prlnbsls ab nlotrle y vbrf`fnknfþo.

Bstks lisbrvknflobs pbrcftbo krrldkr euz slirb be bspknfl y be pkpberbsbrvkal ke cætlal hfstþrfnl. Be cætlal hfstþrfnl ke qub sb hknbrb`brbonfk bo els bstuafls ab nfbonfk pleãtfnk ol bs, nekrl bstë, be cætlalhfstlrflgrë`fnl qub utfefzko els hfstlrfkalrbs, sfol cës prbnfskcbotb uocætlal qub trktk ab `lrcuekr hfpþtbsfs y gbobrkefzknflobs iksëoalsb bolisbrvknflobs y bdbcpels bxtrkãals ab ek hfstlrfk y/l kplyëoaleks bo beels>0. Bs be cætlal utfefzkal plr tkotls neësfnls ab ek nfbonfk pleãtfnk y qub hkelgrkal keguols ab sus rbsuetkals cës fcplrtkotbs y bstfcuekotbs. V qubtlakvãk hly bs utfefzkal kcpefkcbotb plr bstuaflsls ab eks nfbonfks

pleãtfnks y slnfkebs y qub nkrkntbrfzk k uok grko pkrtb ab ek eftbrkturk>7

.>2 ZYTBWLY^MF, K., y QBROB, H., Qhb Elgfn.,., lp. nft.= CBNM^QYLQH,

Q. W., «Clst Af``b-rbot ^ystbcs½ koa «Clst ^fcfekr ^ystbcs½4 K ^tuay l` thb Elgfn l`Nlcpkrktfvb Foqufry, bo«Nlcpkrktfvb Zleftfnke ^tuafbs½, 7, Ã672, pp. ;>9-;27.>0 ^KYQLYF, G., Ek Zleãtfnk..., lp. nft.




Zlr ôetfcl, bsb cætlal hk akal kiuoakotbs prubiks, tkotl bo els neësfnlsnlcl bo els nlotbcplrëobls, ab su `bnuoafaka nlcl cætlal ab prlaunnfþo ab hfpþtbsfs. Absab be puotl ab vfstk qub kquã ols fotbrbsk, sfobcikrgl, be prliebck sb pekotbk bo tærcfols afstfotls4 ¼hkstk quæ puotl becætlal hfstþrfnl sfrvb y tfbob su prlpfk kutlolcãk nlcl cætlal ab

nlotrle ab eks hfpþtbsfs<Bo sbotfal gbobrke, be nlotrle hfstþrfnl tfbob bstk ùonfþo. Bs cbdlrkplykr nlo bdbcpels ab nksls hfstþrfnls eks prlpfks hfpþtbsfs qub olhknbrel. ^fo bcikrgl, nukoal sb vk cës keeë ab bstk ab`fofnfþo cãofck abnlotrle, be cætlal hfstþrfnl cubstrks sus abifefakabs, qub. pkrk sbrsupbrkaks, ols eebvko fobvftkiebcbotb k ek eþgfnk abe cætlal ab nlotrlenlcpkrkal. Be cætlal hfstþrfnl bxtrkb els nksls ab ek bxpbrfbonfk hfstþrfnky bs, plr tkotl, uok ckobrk ab kcpefkr be oôcbrl ab lisbrvknflobs k elekrgl ab uok afcbosfþo afknrþofnk. ^fo bcikrgl, akal qub okafb knbptkrãknlcl cætlal ab nlotrle uok bebnnfþo ab nksls hfstþrfnls hbnhk nksuke-cbotb l nlo nrftbrfls ol bxpeãnftls ‑ foneusl bsnlgfboal kqubeels nksls qubcës nlovfbobo k eks prlpfks hfpþtbsfs y abdkoal k uo ekal els ltrls ‑ ,tkcifæo bo bstb cætlal ols vlevbcls k bonlotrkr nlo be prliebck abenrftbrfl qub sb sfgub pkrk ek bebnnfþo ab els nksls. Qkcifæo absab be puotlab vfstk ab ek plsfifefaka ab pkrkcbtrfzkr plsfiebs nloafnflobs nkuskebs becætlal hfstþrfnl ol pubab cës qub rbnurrfr k kqubeeks tænofnks abneksf`fnknfþo ab els nksls bebgfals rbspbntl k abtbrcfokaks prlpfbakabs abbeels, sf ol qufbrb efcftkrsb k uok cbrk nktkelgknfþo ab bdbcpels `kvlrkiebsl abs`kvlrkiebs. Ek eþgfnk abe nlotrle bs ek prlpfk abe cætlal nlcpkrkal.Absab be puotl ab vfstk cbtlaleþgfnl, ek bebnnfþo ab els nksls y ab ekslisbrvknflobs bo uok kcpefk afcbosfþo hfstþrfnk fcpefnk uok ôofnk af`b-rbonfk4 kucbotk ek af`fnuetka ab `lrcuekr hfpþtbsfs knbrnk ab ek nlostkonfk yek ol foèubonfk ab eks nloafnflobs nlotbxtôkebs pltbonfkecbotb fcplrtkotbsqub, kabcës, kucbotko ab oôcbrl, akak ek fobvftkiebcbotb grkoabhbtbrlgbobfaka ab els nlotbxtls hfstþrfnls ab qub sb bxtrkbo els nksls.

Nlcl nloneusfþo, be cætlal hfstþrfnl, qub bs tko `bnuoal absab ek pbrspbntfvk ab ek `lrcueknfþo ab hfpþtbsfs, ol pkrbnb tko rfgurlsl absab ekabe nlotrle. Zkrk qub bsb nlotrle sb rbkefnb nlo cætlal sb tfbob qub rbnurrfrnlcpebtkcbotb k ek eþgfnk abe nlotrle nlcpkrkal y bo nloafnflobs pkrtfnuekrcbotb af̀ ãnfebs.

;0. Be bstuafl ab nksls

Be bstuafl ab uo nksl sfoguekr - yk sbk uo sfstbck pleãtfnl, uo grupl ab prbsfþo, uok eby bebntlrke l ek pbrslokefaka ab uo eãabr ‑ hk sfal tkolevfakal plr ek rbèbxfþo cbtlaleþgfnk nlcl kcpefkcbotb uskal bo ek prëntfnk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo= bo ek eftbrkturk pleftleþgfnk els trkikdls qub sbnbotrko slirb be bstuafl ab uo nksl bspbnã`fnl slo abnfafakcbotb ckylrãk.Ek rkzþo bs cuy sfcpeb. Absab ek pbrspbntfvk cbtlaleþgfnk be bstuafl abuo nksl foafvfauke prbsbotk eãcftbs fosupbrkiebs bo el qub sb rb`fbrb k ek plsfifefaka ab bstkiebnbr y vbrf`fnkr rbeknflobs nkuskebs botrb `boþcbols.Akal qub ol hky ofoguok vkrfknfþo (l nlcl cunhl uok ab tfpl afknrþofnl, pbrl obnbskrfkcbotb efcftkak) bo els b`bntls y prbsuotks nkusks, ol hkyofoguok iksb bcpãrfnk pkrk bstkiebnbr uok prb`brbonfk plr keguok ab eksnkusks plsfiebs of pkrk nlotrlekr ek foèubonfk ab eks plsfiebs nkusks. ^lirb

bstb puotl ol abib qubakr ofoguok auak4 bo sã, be bstuafl ab nksls ol tfbob plsfifefaka ab prlaunfr ofoguok gbobrkefzknfþo l tblrãk nkuske altkak abkeguok vbrknfaka. ^fo bcikrgl, uok sbrfb ab cltfvls vëefals prëntfnlshknbo qub sb rbnurrk cunhl k bstb tfpl ab koëefsfs bo ek fovbstfgknfþo.

>7 M KZEKO, K., Qhb Nloaunt ld Foqufry. Cbthlalelgy `lr Ibhkvflrke^nfbonb, Kyebsiury, Iunms., Fotbroktfloke Qbxtillm Nlcpkoy Eta., ;67>.



Cbtlalelgãk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnk 7;

Bo prfcbr eugkr, els nlstbs, bo gbobrke fo`brflrbs bo tærcfols ab knnbsl kels aktls b fo`lrcknflobs, y ek rbektfvk sfcpefnfaka abe afsbûl ab ekfovbstfgknfþo. Bo be bstuafl ab uo nksl sb pubabo slsekykr grko pkrtb abeks nubstflobs cbtlaleþgfnks tãpfnks ab ek fovbstfgknfþo nlcpkrkak y bobspbnfke ab ek qub sb prlaunb bo nueturks af`brbotbs4 cbolrbs prliebcks ab

bqufvkebonfk ab els foafnkalrbs, plsfifefaka ab rbnurrfr k nlonbptlsnueturkecbotb nekrls sfo prliebcks, plsfifefaka ab rbnurrfr nlo ckylrnlo`fkozk k nfbrtls prlnbsls hburãstfnls nlcl ek neëusuek nbtbrfs pkrfius pkrk nloduotls ab vkrfkiebs qub sb fotbotk bxneufr abe bstuafl. Kabcës, benlonbotrkrsb slirb-uo nksl ôofnl pbrcftb, bo gbobrke, sbgufr uok bstrktbgfkab fovbstfgknfþo fotbosfvk= bs abnfr, tlckr bo nlosfabrknfþo uok grkonkotfaka ab prlpfbakabs abe nksl y bvkeukr su fcplrtkonfk bo ek nlcpebdkrba ab rbeknflobs qub nlostftuyb tlal `boþcbol pleãtfnl-slnfke.

Absnlotkoal, pubs, eks nkrbonfks absab be puotl ab vfstk ab ek prlaunnfþo ab gbobrkefzknflobs nkuskebs, els cærftls rbsbûkals cës krrfiknlostftuybo ltrks tkotks vbotkdks bo el qub sb rb`fbrb k ltrls pkslsfcplrtkotbs abe prlnbsl nlgolsnftfvl fohbrbotbs k ek gbobrkefzknfþo abhfpþtbsfs y ke k`fokcfbotl ab eks rbeknflobs botrb vkrfkiebs bstkiebnfaks plrltrls bstuafls. Bxfstbo vkrfls tfpls ab bstuafls ab nksls qub, nlo uoknfbrtk sfcpef`fnknfþo, pbrl nlo cës nekrfaka, plabcls rbsucfr bo bebsqubck ab ek `fgurk 9.1 >6, sbgôo sus nkrkntbrãstfnks y, plr tkotl, sus ùo-nflobs nlgolsnftfvks 1:.

Be tfpl ab bstuafl ab nksls ab`fofal nlcl absnrfptfvl k-tbþrfnl sbnkrkntbrfzk plr ek `ketk ab uok `lrcueknfþo nekrk y bxpeãnftk abe prliebck bobe sbotfal sbûkekal ke prfonfpfl ab bstb nkpãtuel. Be lidbtfvl abnekrkal ol bsbe ab k`rlotkr uo prliebck nlonrbtl `lrcuekal tbþrfnkcbotb, sfolrbnlostrufr fcëgbobs nlo`fgurk-vks gbobrkebs ab uo `boþcbol nuylskspbntls sfgof`fnktfvls sb fotbrprbtko fotuftfvkcbotb, kplyëoalsb bo bekrgucbotl ab qub uo bstuafl fotbosfvl y, k vbnbs, uok rbèbxfþo nlobcpktãk gkrkotfzko ek «nlcprbosfþo½ abe `boþcbol.

Bstb tfpl ab bstuafl ab nksls ol tfbob plsfifefaka ab nlotrfiufrkutþolckcbotb k ek knucueknfþo abe nlolnfcfbotl nfbotã`fnl plrqubaf`ãnfecbotb prlaunb rbsuetkals trkoscfsfiebs fotbrsuidbtfvkcbotb (plrcunhk qub sbk ek fcplrtkonfk ab bstb tfpl ab bstuafls bo ek rbnlgfak ynfrnueknfþo ab fo`lrcknflobs utfefzkiebs bo afstfotls nlotbxtls abfovbstfgknfþo).

Ek fabotf`fnknfþo y `lrcueknfþo ab uo prliebck nlonrbtl l`rbnbo bogbobrke ke bstuafl ab nksls ek plsfifefaka ab `lrcuekr hfpþtbsfsfotbrprbtktfvks. Ro bstuafl ab bstb tfpl tfboab k nlonbotrkr su ktbonfþo borbeknflobs botrb eks prlpfbakabs abe nksl qub sb pubako gbobrkefzkr. Kuonukoal eks hfpþtbsfs ksã `lrcuekaks ol sb pubabo vbrf`fnkr bo be fotbrflrabe bstuafl, sb pubabo rbtlckr bo ltrks fovbstfgknflobs ab afstfotkokturkebzk. Hly bo aãk, uok grko pkrtb ab eks hfpþtbsfs pekotbkaks k pkrtfrab fovbstfgknflobs nlcpkrkaks tfbobo su lrfgbo bo bstuafls fotbosfvls abnksls sfoguekrbs.

>8 BNM^QBFO, H., Nksb ^tuay koa Qhblry fo Zleftfnke ^nfbonb, bo @. G.GYBBO^QBFO y O. W. ZLEÎV (bas.), Hkoaillm l` Zleftfnke ^nfbonb, vle.PFF, ^trktbgfbs l` Foqufry, Ybkafog (Ckss.), Kaafslo-Wbseby ZuiefshfogNlcpkoy, ;672, pp. 76-;>7= IYLWO, I. B., Qhb Nksb Cbthla foNlcpkrktfvb Zlefobs, bo D. I. NYF^QLZH y I. B. IYLWO (bas.), Nksbs foNlcpk-rktfvb Zlefobs, Ilstlo, Eftteb, Irlwo, ;606, pp. >-;7.>6 Qlcl bstk `fgurk ab uo sbcfokrfl nbebirkal bo duefl ab ;676 bo be

Fostftutl RofvbrsftkrflBurlpbl plr be prl`bslr CLYGBO^ ZBABY^BO, ke qub kgrkabznl qub cb pbrcftk puiefnkrek.1: BNM^QBFO, H., Nksb ^tuay..., lp. nft.



@FG. 9.1. ‑ Qfpls ab bstuafl ab nksls.

Bstl tkcifæo sb abib ke hbnhl ab qub ek okturkebzk fotbosfvk abe bstuafl abenksl l`rbnb keguoks vbotkdks4 pbrcftb tlckr bo nlosfabrknfþo cunhls`kntlrbs y, plr tkotl, `lrcuekr af`brbotbs hfpþtbsfs foneusl ketbroktfvks.

Be tfpl bxpefnktfvl ab bstuafl ab nksls sb nkrkntbrfzk plrqub trktk abbxpefnkr kspbntls pkrtfnuekrbs rbnurrfboal k gbobrkefzknflobs y tblrãksbxfstbotbs bo ek eftbrkturk. Be knlotbnfcfbotl l be `boþcbol nlonrbtl sbbxpefnko kpefnkoal gbobrkefzknflobs y tblrãks bxfstbotbs k eks nloafnflobsbspbnã`fnks abe nksl. Be clabel bxpefnktfvl utfefzkal bo bstb tfpl ab koëefsfsbs be abauntfvl-olcleþgfnl, kuoqub bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs tke tfpl abbxpefnknflobs sþel slo plr el gbobrke kprlxfcktfvks.

Okturkecbotb, be fotbotl ab kpefnkr gbobrkefzknflobs y tblrãks prlikifeãstfnks k ek fotbrprbtknfþo ab nksls sfoguekrbs sb trkos`lrcktkcifæo bo uo bdbrnfnfl ab nlotrle nrãtfnl, ab claf`fnknfþo y rbvfsfþo abkqubeeks `rbotb k eks nloafnflobs bspbnã`fnks abe nksl. Bo bstk ùonfþo abbvkeuknfþo ab ek pekusfifefaka ab tblrãks `lrcuekaks l ab ek vkefabz yutfefaka ab abtbrcfokaks nlostrunnflobs l bsqubcks tbþrfnls, be bstuafl abenksl l`rbnb bvfabotbs vbotkdks. Bs cbols nlstlsl qub uok fovbstfgknfþonlcpkrkak y pubab prlaunfr rbsuetkals ôtfebs, bo bspbnfke suirkykoal eksnloafnflobs ab abifefaka ab uok tblrãk.

Bstk ôetfck ùonfþo sb abskrrleek nlo ckylr pltbonfk kôo bo be bstuaflabe nksl absvfkotb. Bsb tfpl ab fovbstfgknfþo sb utfefzk sfbcprb rb`brfal kkslnfknflobs gbobrkebs bstkiebnfaks cbafkotb fovbstfgknflobs ab ltrl tfpl(bstkaãstfnks nlcpkrkaks, bxpbrfcbotkebs). Zbrl sb afsbûk bo iksb k uonrftbrfl prbnfsl qub ckxfcfzk su fcplrtkonfk tbþrfnk4 ek absvfknfþo abe nkslrbspbntl k ek tboabonfk gbobrke absnrftk y prbvfstk plr uok tblrãk lgbobrkefzknfþo abtbrcfokak. Bo ek prëntfnk, ek eþgfnk bs ek ab eknlcpkrknfþo botrb be grupl ab nksls slirb els qub sb hk nlostrufal ektblrãk y/l sb hk kpefnkal nlo æxftl y be nksl absvfkotb, trktkoal ab fabo-tf`fnkr eks af`brbonfks ab bstb ôetfcl rbspbntl k els ltrls qub pubako

bxpefnkr ek absvfknfþo. ^b trktk ab uo tfpl ab trkikdl bspbnfkecbotb kptl pkrk fabotf`fnkr oubvks y kûkafaks vkrfkiebs rbspbntl k eks uskaksolrckecbotb y nuyk b`bntfvk foèubonfk sþel sb pubab bstkiebnbr cëssþefakcbotb rbnurrfboal k ltrls cætlals.





Nlcl nloneusfþo, nkib sbûkekr qub els af`brbotbs tfpls ab bstuafl abnksls sb af`brbonfko plr eks ùonflobs qub pubabo abskrrleekr bo be prlnbslnlgolsnftfvl. Okturkecbotb, els ab ckylr nlcpebdfaka pubabo nucpefrcës ab uok ùonfþo. Bo b`bntl, keguoks ùonflobs abe bstuafl abe nksl qubbo be bsqubck sb afstfogubo nlo `fobs kokeãtfnls, abspuæs ol el slo bo ek

kntfvfaka ab fovbstfgknfþo. Be bstuafl ab uo nksl altkal ab kcifnflobstbþrfnks, y plr tkotl ol efcftkal k lidbtfvls absnrfptfvls l k ek`lrcueknfþo ab hfpþtbsfs fotbrprbtktfvks, abibrãk bspbnf`fnkr ke cfscltfbcpl el qub bs bxpefnkieb abe nksl rb`frfæoalel k gbobrkefzknflobs ytblrãks bxfstbotbs, el qub bo nkcifl eks nlotrkafnb y `kesf`fnk y, plr ôetfcl,quæ oubvls kspbntls abibrãko sbr tlckals bo nlosfabrknfþo bfonlrplrkals bo uok vbrsfþo rbvfskak ab ek tblrãk pkrk qub æstk sbk nkpkzab foneufr tkcifæo be nksl bstuafkal.

;7. Gbobrkefzknflobs, tblrãks, bxpefnknflobs

Bo eks ôetfcks pëgfoks hbcls rbnurrfal k els tærcfols «gbobrkefzknfþo½y «tblrãk½ sfo abtbobrols bo su pkpbe y sfgof`fnkal. Eks gbobrkefzknflobs yeks tblrãks tfbobo bo nlcôo ek nkrkntbrãstfnk ab sbr, k ek vbz, be rbsuetkal yuo puotl ab pkrtfak ab ek fovbstfgknfþo. ^lo be rbsuetkal plrqubrbprbsbotko be lidbtfvl cës kcifnflokal, akal su pltbonfke prbafntfvl ybxpefnktfvl y su nkpknfaka ab lrgkofzkr els nlolnfcfbotls ab clalsfstbcëtfnl y b`fnkz= y slo su iksb bo nukotl qub ‑ sbgôo uok lrfbotknfþobpfstbcleþgfnk qub hly prbvkebnb ‑ ol sb pubab fotbotkr ofoguokbxpefnknfþo kabnukak ab uo `boþcbol sfo rbnurrfr k beeks.

Eks gbobrkefzknflobs slo bouonfkals uofvbrskebs, qub tfbobo ek `lrckeþgfnk abe tfpl «pkrk tlal X, sf X botlonbs V½. Bo ab`foftfvk, sb trktk abhfpþtbsfs ab rbeknflobs botrb `boþcbols qub hko supbrkal yk be bstkal abcbrk nlodbturk y hko elgrkal uo knbptkieb ofvbe ab vbrf`fnknfþo k trkvæsab oucbrlsks lisbrvknflobs bo nksls y sftuknflobs afstfotks. ^b ab`fobo, pubs, nlcl uofvbrskebs plr be nkrëntbr ab su rb`brbotb y nlcl ebybs lnuksf-ebybs plrqub sb bouonfko nlcl tkebs 1;.

Eks gbobrkefzknflobs slo ab afstfotl tfpl. ^bgôo ek iksb ab ek rbeknfþoqub efgk k els bebcbotls, ek gbobrkefzknfþo pubab sbr abtbrcfofstk l prlikifeãstfnk. ^bgôo ek afcbosfþo tbcplrke pubab sbr uok gbobrkefzknfþo

ab sunbsfþo l ab nlonlcftkonfk. Bo be prfcbr nksl, sf sb ak X bo be tfbcplt, sb akrë V bo be tfbcpl t; pekotbkoal, pubs, uok rbeknfþo ab sunbsfþotbcplrke qub bs uok nloafnfþo fcplrtkotb pkrk eks ebybs nkuskebs. Bo besbguoal nksl, bo nkcifl, sb bstkiebnb uok rbeknfþo ab fcpefnknfþo botrb Xb V qub fotrlaunb ek plsfifefaka ab gbobrkefzknflobs ab nkrëntbr ùonfloke.Ltrk afstfonfþo sb rb`fbrb ke tfpl ab trktkcfbotl ab els nlonbptls qub`fgurko bo beeks (olcfoke l bsnkekr) y, plr tkotl, ek sfotkxfs qub nlobntk kels tærcfols. Zlr `fo, uok ôetfck af`brbonfk botrb tfpls ab gbobrkefzknflobslrfgfokak plr eks prlpfbakabs sbcëotfnks ab els tærcfols qub ek `lrcko,afstfogub botrb gbobrkefzknflobs tbþrfnks y lisbrvktfvks.

Rok tblrãk bo sbotfal bstrfntl bstë nlostftufak plr uok sbrfb abgbobrkefzknflobs nlobntkaks lrgëofnkcbotb. Be prfonfpfl lrgkofzkalr pubab sbr ab afstfotk okturkebzk. Be tfpl ab lrgkofzknfþo qub sb nlosfabrkobnbskrfl bo ek eftbrkturk bpfstbcleþgfnk qub hknb rb`brbonfk k eks nfbonfks`ãsfnl-cktbcëtfnks bs be ab ek nlobxfþo abauntfvk19. Bo bstb nksl, pkrk qub

uo nloduotl ab gbobrkefzknflobs pubak ab`fofrsb nlcl tblrãk tfbob qubnucpefr ek nloafnfþo ab bstkr lrgkofzkal abauntfvkcbotb.1; Y RAOBY , Y. ^., trka. nkstbeekok, @felsl`ãk ab ek Nfbonfk ^lnfke,Ckarfa, Kefkozk. ;68:.19 OLPKM , ^., Roabrstkoafog koa Zrbafntflo. Bsskys fo thb

Cbthlalelgy l` ^lnfke koa Ibhkvflrke Qhblrfbs, Alrirbnht, Ybfabe, ;670= HLEQ, Y. Q., yY FNHKYA^LO, D. C., Nlcpbtfog




Afnhl ab ltrl clal, eks tblrãks tfbobo qub tbobr ek `lrck ab sfstbckskxflcëtfnls, nlostrufals plr gbobrkefzknflobs nlo nkrëntbr kxflcëtfnl qubnlostftuybo eks prbcfsks abe rkzlokcfbotl abauntfvl, be nuke prlaunb ltrksgbobrkefzknflobs nlcl tblrbcks qub sb absprboabo eþgfnkcbotb ab elskxflcks y sfrvbo nlrol nloneusfþo abe rkzlokcfbotl abauntfvl.

Be abskrrleel ab tblrãks kxflcëtfnks bo qub bstæo bxpeãnftls tkotl elstærcfols prfcftfvls ‑ l plstuekals ‑ nlcl els kxflcks y eks rbgeks abtrkos`lrcknfþo ab æstls (be clal bo qub sb pubabo hknbr abaunnflobs abels kxflcks) bo tblrbcks bs uok plsfifefaka af`ãnfecbotb kenkozkieb bo eksnfbonfks slnfkebs kntukebs. Bstb sfgof`fnkal «ùbrtb½ abe tærcfol tblrãkrbprbsbotk uok kcifnfþo qub pubab tbobr, nlcl cëxfcl, be pkpbe ab uofabke ke qub kspfrkr tboabonfkecbotb 1>. Bo keguols nkcpls y bo`lqubs abeks nfbonfks slnfkebs sb pubabo elgrkr ofvbebs ab sbcf-`lrckefzknfþo ab eksnlostrunnflobs tbþrfnks bo eks qub ek bxpefnftknfþo k`bntk slekcbotb k elstærcfols prfcftfvls y els kxflcks, pbrl ol k eks rbgeks ab trkos`lrcknfþoab æstls bo tblrbcks. Bo gbobrke, sfo bcikrgl, bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebs sbtfboab k fabotf`fnkr nlo be tærcfol «tblrãk½ rbsuetkals ab afstfotk okturkebzky ab cbolr vkelr, qub keguols nlosfabrko qub sbrãk cbdlr eekckr nlo beolcirb ab prb-tblrãks l ab fovbotkrfls ab gbobrkefzknflobs l,sbonfeekcbotb, ab bsqubcks nlonbptukebs, y qub, bo tlal nksl, iksko suvkefabz bo be grkal ab nlo`fkozk ab qub glzko bo ek nlcuofaka nfbotã`fnk 1>

^b trktk ab nloduotls ab bouonfkals/gbobrkefzknflobs nlovkefakalsbcpãrfnkcbotb y rb`brfals ke cfscl prliebck, pbrl qub bstëo nlobntkalsab clal kprlxfckal y ol sfstbcëtfnl, y sþel pkrk keguols ab els nukebs sb pubab bxpefnftkr be pkpbe kxflcëtfnl. Qkcifæo uo nloduotl ab hfpþtbsfs olsu`fnfbotbcbotb vbrf`fnkaks pubab bstkr lrgkofzkal ksã, `lrcuekoal bstks prb l nuksf-tblrãks plr eks vbotkdks qub l`rbnbo bo ek lrfbotknfþo ab ekfovbstfgknfþo. Okturkecbotb, bo be nksl ab prb-tblrãks ol kxflcëtfnks nkak prlplsfnfþo ol ùoak su vkefabz bo rbgeks prbnfsks nb abauntfifefaka, sfolqub nkak uok sb ckotfbob bo rbeknfþo k eks ltrks bo uok sftuknfþo qub pubabsbr ab nlo`frcknfþo rbnãprlnk, pbrl tkcifæo ab abifeftkcfbotl rbnãprlnl.

Be abskrrleel ab bstb tfpl ab prb l nuksf-tblrãks bo eks nfbonfks slnfkebsol Dbib fo`rkvkelrkrsb= tfbob uok fcplrtkonfk ùoakcbotke. Bo prfcbr eugkr,nloduotls cës l cbols ùbrtbcbotb fotbrrbeknflokals ab gbobrkefzknflobsrb`brbotbs k uo prliebck pbrcftbo lrgkofzkr be nlolnfcfbotl abe clal cëssfstbcëtfnl y b`fnkz plsfieb, `kvlrbnfboal, ke cbols bo pkrtb, els prlnbsls

ab knucueknfþo y l`rbnfboal uok guãk y uo prfonfpfl ùbrtb ab lrgkofzknfþoab ek fovbstfgknfþo. Kuo nukoal su kxflcktfzknfþo sbk fonlcpebtk, uok prb-tblrãk tfbob ek nkpknfaka ab gbobrkr oubvks hfpþtbsfs qub slcbtbr knlotrle bcpãrfnl y su bxfstbonfk pbrcftb fabotf`fnkr af`brbotbs tfpls abfonlogrubonfks abotrl ab ek cfsck tblrãk, botrb eks afvbrsks tblrãks y botrbek tblrãk y ek rbkefaka lisbrvkak. Nucpebo, ksã, ek fcplrtkotb ùonfþo ablrfbotkr els uetbrflrbs bsùbrzls ab fovbstfgknfþo bo afrbnnflobstbþrfnkcbotb ̀ bnuoaks.

Kabcës, eks gbobrkefzknflobs qub nlcplobo eks nuksf-tblrãks slo ek iksb abe prlnbsl ab bxpefnknfþo ab nkrëntbr olcleþgfnl-abauntfvl ‑ ke qubsb hk hbnhl rb`brbonfk ke hkiekr abe bstuafl abe nksl ab nkrëntbrbxpefnktfvl ‑ qub «bxpefnk½' uo knlotbnfcfbotl slirb ek iksb abgbobrkefzknflobs `rbnubonfkebs l prlikifeãstfnks y ab nfrnuostkonfks pkrtfnuekrbs qub bspbnf`fnko kqubeek abtbrcfokak gbobrkefzknfþo 12.

Zkrkafgcs fo Nlcpkrktfvb Zleftfns, bo Y. Q. HLEQ y S. B. QRYOBY (bas.),Qhb Cbthlalelgy l` Nlcpkrktfvb Ybsbkrnh, Oubvk Vlrm, @rbb Zrbss, ;67:, pp. 9;-7;. -

1> MKZEKO, K., Qhb Nloaunt.,., lp. nft.11 GKEQROG, D., Qhblry koa Cbthlas..., lp. nft.




. Ltrls tfpls ab bxpefnknflobs, nlcl ek ab okturkebzk kokeþgfnk l ab ekeekckak «nlcprbosfþo½ ol slo pebokcbotb sktfs`kntlrfls pkrk eks nfbonfksslnfkebs y tfbobo eãcftbs lidbtfvls 12.

Eks bxpefnknflobs kokeþgfnks sb iksko bo be prlnbsl ab rbaunnfþo abkegl ol `kcfefkr k kegl `kcfefkr (nlo cunhk `rbnubonfk k clabels

cbnëofnls), pbrl bs prliebcëtfnl ksbgurkr qub els `boþcbols slnfkebstbogko bstrunturks eþgfnks fslcþr`fnks rbspbntl k eks ab els clabelscbnëofnls l ab ltrl tfpl nlolnfals. Kabcës, kuo nukoal eks bstrunturkseþgfnks abe clabel nlolnfal y abe `boþcbol bstuafkal ùbrko fslcþr`fnks, plarãko ol sbrel els nlotbofals bcpãrfnls sustkotfvls. Eks bxpefnknflobs ikskaks bo ek eekckak «nlcprbosfþo½ abe `boþcbol, nlonbpnfþo efgkak kehfstlrfnfscl y k ek `felsl`ãk ab els vkelrbs, botfboabo plr bxpefnknfþo be prlnbsl eþgfnl plr be nuke sb rbnlolnb uok rbeknfþo bxfstbotb botrb uo tfplab nlcplrtkcfbotl ab hbnhl y uo vkelr 17. Qkcifæo bo bstb nksl sb hkosuirkykal els eãcftbs y eks nkrbonfks pkrk eks nfbonfks slnfkebs ab bstbcætlal, fohbrbotbs slirb tlal k ek bxpefnftknfþo abe vkelr qub bo be kntlr pubab sbr fonlosnfbotb, k ek plefvkebonfk abe cætlal ab nlosfabrknfþo abe`boþcbol cfscl ‑ akal qub els rb`brbotbs slo vkelrbs ‑ y ke hbnhl abqub, bo ab`foftfvk, tke prlnbsl bxpefnktfvl bs cës uo prlnbsl ab cbrkcbafak kxfleþgfnk qub ab nbrtf`fnknfþo eþgfnk abe knlotbnfcfbotl.

Ol plabcls prlùoafzkr cës kquã bstb abiktb y ek rb`brbonfk k ltrlstfpls ab bxpefnknflobs sþel sfrvb pkrk suirkykr qub, kntukecbotb, beolcleþgfnl bs be cætlal bxpefnktfvl ke qub sb rbnlolnb nlcl cëskabnukal. Ke cfscl tfbcpl, sfo bcikrgl, hky qub suirkykr qub bo eksnfbonfks slnfkebs eks bxpefnknflobs ikskaks bo ek abaunnfþo ab uok prlplsfnfþo qub absnrfib uo knlotbnfcfbotl ab uo nloduotl ab prbcfsksqub nlotbogko absnrfpnflobs ab eks nloafnflobs bspbnã`fnks ygbobrkefzknflobs bcpãrfnks tboarëo bo nukequfbr nksl be nkrëntbr ab ek olkabnuknfþo, akal tlal el qub hbcls vbofal afnfboal knbrnk ab ekaf`fnuetka ab fabotf`fnkr tlaks eks nloafnflobs nkuskebs y eks nloafnflobs pkrkcætrfnks abe nksl nlonrbtl. Bo ek prëntfnk, eks bxpefnknflobs k qub sb pubak eebgkr sbrëo k cboual fonlcpebtks, ifbo plrqub ol sb bspbnf`fnkobotbrkcbotb eks nloafnflobs, pkrkcætrfnks l plrqub eks bxpefnknflobs sþell`rbnbo eks eãobks gbobrkebs ab el qub pubab eebgkr k sbr uok bxpefnknfþokabnukak, bekilrkoal y cbdlrkoal be rkzlokcfbotl bxpefnktfvl ybspbnf`fnkoal ab ckobrk cës nlcpebtk eks gbobrkefzknflobs y

nloafnflobs1^

.Bs bvfabotb bo bstb puotl ek fcplrtkonfk abe pkpbe abe bstuafl abe nksl ‑ y bo bspbnfke, abe nksl absvfkotb ‑ nlo vfstks ke nlotrle ab tblrãks ygbobrkefzknflobs. Ek vbrf`fnknfþo l `kesf`fnknfþo ab uok tblrãk (l prb-tblrãk) ‑ qub nlo `rbnubonfk sb bxprbsk nlo tærcfols tbþrfnls l botlal nksl ol afrbntkcbotb lisbrvkieb ‑ sb rbkefzk afrbntkcbotb, k trkvæsabe nlotrle ab eks hfpþtbsfs bcpãrfnks abrfvkiebs ab beek. Bo bstb sbotfal,tlak tblrãk l gbobrkefzknfþo bs uo fostrucbotl prbafntfvl bo tkotl qub prbvæ be vkelr ab uo abtbrcfokal rbsuetkal nlcl ùonfþo abe vkelr ab uonloduotl bspbnã`fnl ab vkrfkiebs y nlostkotbs.

12 ZK^[RFOBEEF, K., Oulvf prfonfpf af bpfstbclelgãk, Cfeëo, @betrfobeef,;67;.10 IYLWO, Y., Bxpfkoktflo..., lp. nft.17 ^QYKR^^, E., Ko Bpfelgub, bo H. D. ^QLYFOG (ba.), Bsskys lo thb

^nfbotfdfn ̂ tuay l`

Zleftfns, Oubvk Vlrm, Hlet, Yfobhkrt y Wfstlo, ;609, pp. >;:->9:= Ylssf,Z., ^pfbgkzflob bnlcprbosflob obee'foakgfob slnfkeb. bo Kttf abe Nlovbgol af ^tuaf Cbtlalelgãk, Qurão, Qkyelr,;620, pp. >66-1:0.1> EBFGH, ^.= DLHO^LO, I. M. @.= ZKRE^BO, A. W., y ^NHLNMBQ, @.,

Zleftfnke Ybsbkrnh Cbthlas, @luoaktflos koa Qbnhofqubs, Ilstlo,Hlughtlo Cf`èfo Nl., ;670.




.Ek tblrãk abibrãk nlotrlekrsb nlcpkrkoal els vkelrbs abe rbsuetkal

prbvfstl plr beek nlo be ab els `boþcbols rbkebs. Bo ab`foftfvk, uok tblrãk abek bstkifefaka-fobstkifefaka abclnrëtfnk qub bspbnf`fqub eks vkrfkiebsfcplrtkotbs, eks nlostkotbs, ksã nlcl ek rbeknfþo (ùonfþo) qub eks efgk k ek

fobstkifefaka-bstkifefaka abclnrëtfnk sb nlotrlek rbspbntl k ek nlogrubonfkbotrb eks bvleunflobs rbkebs l bvleunflobs prbvfstks bo iksb k els aktls abuok sftuknfþo rbke. Bo bstb sbotfal, pubs, nkpknfaka prbafntfvk ol sfgof`fnksþel nkpknfaka ab prbvbr be ùturl l bvleunflobs ùturks. Eks nkpknfakabs prbafntfvks ab uok tblrãk pubabo sbr bvkeukaks rbtrlspbntfvkcbotb rbspbntlk knlotbnfcfbotls abe pkskal y tkcifæo rbspbntl k ltrls knlotbnfcfbotls lnksls nlotbcplrëobls kôo ol bxkcfokaks. Bo bstls nksls sb nlolnbo elsaktls ab ek sftuknfþo rbke. Zlr be nlotrkrfl, be prliebck sb nlcpefnk nukoalek tblrãk sb usk prlspbntfvkcbotb, pkrk prbvbr abskrrleels ùturls, bo nukotlels aktls ab ek sftuknfþo rbke tfbobo qub sbr bstfckals plr sã cfscls.

Akak ek abifefaka ab els cætlals ab nlotrle ab eks nfbonfks huckoks, bstkcifæo aæife ek Hkifefaka ab els cætlals ab fabotf`fnknfþo ab eks vkrfkiebsfcplrtkotbs, ab els pkrëcbtrls y ab eks rbeknflobs qub ebs efgko y, plr tkotl,bs `rbnubotb be nksl bo qub ek bxtbosfþo ab ek tblrãk k nksls ol bxkcfokalsl k oubvls abskrrleels ol hknb cës qub kyuakr k knekrkr nþcl sb claf`fnkek cfsck tblrãk. ^f els rbsuetkals prbvfstls slirb ek iksb ab ek tblrãk y abeks nfrnuostkonfks bspbnã`fnks abe nksl ol nlrrbsploabo k els rbkebs, sbfcplob uok claf`fnknfþo l ifbo abe oôcbrl ab vkrfkiebs fcplrtkotbs, l abels pkrëcbtrls, l ab eks rbeknflobs botrb vkrfkiebs k pkrtfr ab eks oubvksfo`lrcknflobs.

Bstk sftuknfþo ak tbstfclofl ab ek nlostkotb okturkebzk fonfbrtk bhfpltætfnk ab els rbsuetkals nfbotã`fnls y afsbûk tkcifæo uo prlnbsl abknucueknfþo nfbotã`fnk, cbafkotb be nuke eks tblrãks `lrcuekaks sbclaf`fnko bo sus pkrëcbtrls y bo sus `lrcks ùonflokebs bo iksb kfo`lrcknflobs ab `bba-iknm slirb su rboafcfbotl. Bstb prlnbsl bs, bosustkonfk, ek iksb ab kqubeek plsfnfþo bpfstbcleþgfnk qub pfab pkrk ekstblrãks ol ek fovbstfgknfþo ab su nlcprliknfþo, sfol cës ifbo ek fovbstf-gknfþo ab su `kesf`fnknfþo nlcl puotl ab pkrtfak pkrk su abskrrleel ycbdlrk. @rbotb k rbsuetkals ab oubvks fovbstfgknflobs qub ol nlrrbsploabok els kenkozkals k pkrtfr ab eks tblrãks bxfstbotbs, be fovbstfgkalr abibrãkclaf`fnkreks ab ckobrk qub pbrcftk kakptkreks k els oubvls rbsuetkals,

ckotbofboal ke cfscl tfbcpl su vkelr pkrk els vfbdls16

.

;8. Nloneusfþo

Abe abskrrleel ab uok sfcpeb nurflsfaka fotbebntuke k ek fabotf`fnknfþo abgbobrkefzknflobs y k ek `lrcueknfþo ab tblrãks, ek fovbstfgknfþo prlnbab ktrkvæs ab bstkafls qub slo kokeãtfnkcbotb afstfotls, pbrl qub bo ek prëntfnksb supbrplobo y sb botrbnruzko. Nkak oubvl pksl tfbob uo b`bntl slirb elskotbrflrbs. Ksã nlcl hfpþtbsfs oubvks l rb`fokcfbotls ab hfpþtbsfsbxfstbotbs pubabo abskrrleekrsb bo nukequfbr `ksb, be koëefsfs ab els aktls yab eks fo`lrcknflobs pubab sugbrfr be rbnursl k oubvls nlonbptls, beabskrrleel ab oubvks vkrfkiebs y, k su vbz, ek iôsqubak ab ltrls aktls bfo`lrcknflobs. Ek `lrcueknfþo ab gbobrkefzknflobs y (prb-) tblrãks, qubkokeãtfnkcbotb pubab nlosfabrkrsb nlcl lidbtfvl ab ek fovbstfgknfþo

nfbotã`fnk, ol bs bo rbkefaka, absab ltrl puotl ab vfstk, cës qub be nlcfbozlab fabotf`fnknfþo ab oubvls prliebcks.

16 ZLZZBY , M., Elgfm abr @lrsnhuog, Pfbok, ^prfogbr, ;6>2= trka.nkstbeekok Eþgfnk ab ek fovbstfgknfþo, Ikrnbelok, Ekfk, ;68:.




Bo ek prkxfs ab ek fovbstfgknfþo sbrë tkcifæo obnbskrfl rbnurrfr kafstfotks nlcifoknflobs ab els prlnbafcfbotls af`brbonfkalskokeãtfnkcbotb bo bstb nkpãtuel. Bo ek prlpfk fovbstfgknfþo sb pubabobebgfr, l bstkr liefgkal k rbnurrfr, k prlnbsls afstfotls ab fabotf`fnknfþo ylpbrktfvfzknfþo ab els nlonbptls (y ol sfbcprb tboarbcls k oubstrk

afsplsfnfþo eks tænofnks obnbskrfks ab cbafak), k cætlals ab nlotrleaf`brbotbs y cës l cbols pltbotbs, k afsbûls ab bstrktbgfks abfovbstfgknfþo ab afstfotl tfpl pkrk k`rlotkr kspbntls af`brbotbs ab uocfscl prliebck.

Ek fcplrtkonfk ab bstls prliebcks, nlcl ab tlals els qub hbcls falsuirkykoal bo eks afvbrsks pkrtbs abe nkpãtuel, pubab sbr, k vbnbs, ùbotbab `rustrknfþo pkrk be fovbstfgkalr slnfke y pleãtfnl, bspbnfkecbotb sf æstbksucb, cës l cbols fcpeãnftkcbotb, nlcl clabel ek pltbonfkcbtlaleþgfnk ab eks nfbonfks okturkebs y bo pkrtfnuekr ab eks `ãsfnks, qubslo eks qub cës hko nlotrfiufal k ek ab`fofnfþo alcfokotb ab «cætlalnfbotã`fnl½. Ol bs rkrl qub be bxtrbcfscl «ab `ãsfnk½ prlauznk plrrbknnfþo be bxtrbcfscl nlotrkrfl4 be rbnhkzl plr prbdufnfl ab uo rfgurlslafsnursl ab cætlal bo eks nfbonfks huckoks. Ol bs nlo bstk fotbonfþo nloek qub sb hko suirkykal els prliebcks fohbrbotbs k ek fovbstfgknfþo pleãtfnl-slnfke, sfol cës ifbo bo ek pbrspbntfvk ab qub ek nlonfbonfk pebokab beels sb nlovfbrtk bo be ùoakcbotl bxpeãnftl ab prlnbafcfbotls eþgfnlnkpknbs ab gkrkotfzkr be cëxfcl ab fotbrsuidbtfvfaka, puiefnfaka ytrkospkrbonfk ab els rbsuetkals ab eks fovbstfgknflobs.

Yb`brbonfks ifieflgrë`fnks

KNML@@, Y. E., Qhb ^nfbotf`fn Cbthla. Lptfcfzfog Kppefba Ybsbkrnh Abnfsflos, Oubvk Vlrm,

Dlho Wfeby & ^los, ;609.--- , Qhb Absãgo l` ^lnfke Ybsbkrnh, Nhfnkgl, Rofvbrsfty l` Nhfnkgl Zrbss,;602.IEKELNM , H. C., dr., ^lnfke stktãstfns, Oubvk Vlrm, CnGrkw-Hfee, ;60:=trka. ftkefkok, ^tktfstfnk

pbr ek rfnbrnk slnfkeb, Ilelofk, FF Cuefol, ;606.--- , Nkuske ¡odbrbobbs fo Olobxpbrfcbotke Ybsbkrnh (;60;), Oubvk Vlrm,

Olrtlo Efirkry,

;679. ILRALO

, Y., y E

KTKY^@BEA, Z. @., trka. nkstbeekok,

Cbtlalelgãk abeks Nfbonfks ^lnfkebs, Ikrnbelok, Ekfk, ^. K., ;682 (9 tlcls). IYLWO, Y., Bxpekoktflo fo ^lnfke ^nfbonb, Nhfnkgl, Keafob, ;60>. IYLWO, I. B., QhbNksb Cbthla fo Nlcpkrktfvb Zlãfffns, bo `. I. NHF^QLZH y I. B. IYLWO

(bas.), Nksbs fo Nlcpkrktfvb Zleftfns, Ilstlo, Eftteb, Irlwo koa Nl.,;606, pp. >-;7. IYR^NHF, K., ^nãbozk, tænofnk b sbosl nlcuob, bo K.IYR^NHF, R. GLYF y @. KQQFOK, Ybekzflof

fotbrokzflokef, Cbtlaf b tbnofnhb af kokefsf, Cfeëo, Btks Mlcpkss,;67>, pp. >->>. NKCZIBEE, A. Q., y ^QKOEBV, S., Bxpbrfcbotke koa[uksf-Bxpbrfcbotke Ybsbkrnh, Nhfnkgl,

Ykoa CnOkeey, ;60>= trka. nkstbeekok, Afsbûls bxpbrfcbotkebs ynuksfbxpbrfcbotkebs bo ek fovbstfgknfþo, Iubols Kfrbs, Kclrrlrtu, ;676. NKYEBV, C., ^lnfke

Cbksurbcbot koa ^lnfke Foafnktlrs. Fssubs l` Zlefny koa Qhblry, Eloarbs,Kefbo & Rowfo, ;68;. BNM^QBFO, H., Nksb ^tuay koa Qhblry fo

Zleftfnke ^nfbonb, bo @. F. GYBBO^QBFO y O. W.ZLEÎV, Hkoaillm l` Zleftfnke ^nfbonb, vle. PFF, ^trktbgfbs l` Foqufry,Ybkafog (Ckss.),Kaafslo-Wbseby Zuiãfshfog Nlcpkoy, ;672, pp. 76-;>7. @F^FNHBEEK, A. (ba.), Cætlal snfbotf`fnl b rfnbrnk pleãtfnk, Ylck, Ek Oulvk Ftkefk

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Rofvbrsftbts`lrekgbt, ;607.

Metodología de La Investigación Política - Stefano Bartolini

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