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RESUMEN ÁMBITO DE INGLÉS. GRAMMAR

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Los adjetivos comparativos y superlativos en inglés se utilizan para comparar varios sujetos atendiendo a una característica. Los adjetivos se miden en varios grados, que son:

Grado   positivo : Inteligente – intelligent

Grado   comparativo :

de igualdad: tan inteligente como … – as intelligent as …

de superioridad: más inteligente que … – more intelligent than …

de inferioridad: menos inteligente que … – less intelligent than …

Grado   superlativo : el más inteligente – the most intelligent

Así pues, vemos que los adjetivos comparativos y superlativos en inglés por regla general se construyen con: as … as, more … than, less … than, y the most, pero esto no siempre es así.

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El comparativo de superioridad y el superlativo siguen reglas distintas en ocasiones especiales. Veamos una tabla con todos los casos posibles:

Adjetivo Comparativo de superioridad Superlativo

Adjetivos con más de 1 sílabaIntelligent more intelligent than … the most intelligent

Beautiful more beautiful than … the most beautiful She is the most beautiful woman of the world

Adjetivos de 1 sílaba

Fast faster than … the fastest My car is the fastest ( Mi coche es el más rápido)

Talltaller than …

He is taller than youthe tallest

Adjetivos terminados en “y”,

“er”, “le”, “ow”

Slow slower than … the slowest

Easy easier than … the easiest

Adjetivos irregulares

Goodbetter than …

You are better than himthe best

Bad worse than … the worst

Far farther / further than … the farthest / furthest

Old older / elder than … the oldest / eldest

Little less than … the least

Many / Much more than … the most

Conviene hacer algunas observaciones en relación con: Latter. Significa el segundo de dos.

Last. Es el último, el final.

Latest. Significa último hasta el presente. The latest news (Ultimas noticias, las más recientes en tanto no se reciban otras).

Farther. Se refiere generalmente a distancia. (Barcelona is farther from London than from Paris) (Barcelona está más lejos de Londres que de París).

Further. Significa adicional. (I will give you further details later.) (Le daré detalles adicionales -ulteriores- más tarde).

También further puede usarse para distancias, al igual que farther, pero, en cambio, sólo further puede utilizarse en sentido adicional.

Much. Se usa en singular. (I have no much time.) (No tengo mucho tiempo).

Many. Se usa en plural. (I have not many pencils.) (No tengo muchos lápices).

Finalmente, si el superlativo se refiere a lugar (complemento de lugar, según dicen las Gramáticas), en inglés se usa la preposición in. (New York is the biggest town in the U. S. A.)(Nueva York es la

mayor ciudad de los Estados Unidos).

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Formas simples Indicativo Formas simples Subjuntivo Imperativo 

Presente   Pretérito perfecto simple Presente   (yo) vaya(tú) vayas(él) vaya(nosotros) vayamos(vosotros) vayáis(ellos) vayan

Pretérito imperfecto(yo) fuera o fuese (tú) fueras o fueses (él) fuera o fuese (nosotros) fuéramos o fuésemos(vosotros) fuerais o fueseis(ellos) fueran o fuesen

ve (tú)vaya (él, usted)vayamos (nosotros)id (vosotros)vayan (ellos, ustedes)

(yo) voy (nosotros) vamos(tú) vas (vosotros) vais(él) va (ellos) van

(yo) fui (nosotros) fuimos(tú) fuiste (vosotros) fuisteis(él) fue (ellos) fueron

Futuro(yo) iré(tú) irás(él) irá(nosotros) iremos(vosotros) iréis(ellos) irán

Pretérito imperfecto(yo) iba(tú) ibas(él) iba(nosotros) íbamos(vosotros) ibais(ellos) iban

Condicional(yo) iría(tú) irías(él) iría(nosotros) iríamos(vosotros) iríais(ellos) iría

Futuro(yo) fuere(tú) fueres(él) fuere(nosotros) fuéremos(vosotros) fuereis(ellos) fueren

Infinitivo : ir 

Gerundio : yendo

Participio : ido

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Formas compuestas 

Indicativo   

Pretérito perfecto compuesto(yo) he ido(tú) has ido(él) ha ido(él) hay ido(nosotros) hemos ido(vosotros) habéis ido(ellos) han ido

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto(yo) había ido(tú) habías ido(él) había ido(nosotros) habíamos ido(vosotros) habíais ido(ellos) habían ido

Pretérito anterior(yo) hube ido(tú) hubiste ido(él) hubo ido(nosotros) hubimos ido(vosotros) hubisteis ido(ellos) hubieron ido

Futuro perfecto(yo) habré ido(tú) habrás ido(él) habrá ido(nosotros) habremos ido(vosotros) habréis ido(ellos) habrán ido

Condicional perfecto(yo) habría ido(tú) habrías ido(él) habría ido(nosotros) habríamos ido(vosotros) habríais ido(ellos) habrían ido

Subjuntivo   

Pretérito perfecto

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (2)(yo) hubiese ido(tú) hubieses ido(él) hubiese ido(nosotros) hubiésemos ido(vosotros) hubieseis ido(ellos) hubiesen ido

Pretérito pluscuamperfecto(yo) hubiera ido(tú) hubieras ido(él) hubiera ido(nosotros) hubiéramos ido(vosotros) hubierais ido(ellos) hubieran ido

Futuro perfecto(yo) hubiere ido(tú) hubieres ido(él) hubiere ido(nosotros) hubiéremos ido(vosotros) hubiereis ido(ellos) hubieren ido

 Infinitivo

compuesto

 

   

haber ido

 Gerundio

compuesto

 

   

habiendo ido

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Formas simples 

Indicative   

Present   I goyou gohe/she/it goeswe goyou gothey go

Preterite   I wentyou wenthe/she/it wentwe wentyou wentthey went

Formas compuestas 

Past Participle                   

  having gone                                                                                                                   

Indicative

Present continuousI am goingyou are goinghe/she/it is goingwe are goingyou are goingthey are going

Present perfectI have goneyou have gonehe/she/it has gonewe have goneyou have gonethey have gone

FutureI will goyou will gohe/she/it will gowe will goyou will gothey will go

Future perfectI will have goneyou will have gonehe/she/it will have gonewe will have goneyou will have gonethey will have gone

Past continuousI was goingyou were goinghe/she/it was goingwe were goingyou were goingthey were going

Past perfectI had goneyou had gonehe/she/it had gonewe had goneyou had gonethey had gone

Future continuousI will be goingyou will be goinghe/she/it will be goingwe will be goingyou will be goingthey will be going

Present perfect continuousI have been goingyou have been goinghe/she/it has been goingwe have been goingyou have been goingthey have been going

Infinitive 

to go 

Participle

Imperative 

golet's gogo

Presentgoing

Pastgone

Past perfect continuousI had been goingyou had been goinghe/she/it had been goingwe had been goingyou had been goingthey had been going

Future perfect continuousI will have been goingyou will have been goinghe/she/it will have been goingwe will have been goingyou will have been goingthey will have been going

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También es importante saber que utilizamos el verbo Be para los siguientes casos:Para presentarnos. I´m David (Yo soy David)Saludar .Hello. How are you? (Hola. ¿Cómo estás?)Disculparnos. I´m sorry. (Lo siento)Expresar la profesión. We are lawyers (Somos abogados)Expresar la nacionalidad. They are Spanish (Ellos son españoles)Referirnos a lugares .My dad is in Palencia (Mi padre está en PAlencia)Describir cosas .It´s an old film (Es una película vieja)Expresar la edad. En español corresponde al verbo tener My brother is 10 years old (Mi hermano tiene 10 años)Decir cómo nos sentimos. I´m very hungry (tengo mucha sed)Hablar sobre el tiempo que hace .It´s very hot today (Hace mucho calor hoy)Expresar la hora y la fecha. It´s six o´clock (son las 6 en punto). It´s Monday (Es lunes)

Utilizamos HAVE con o sin got en el sentido del verbo español “tener”, para:Hablar de las cosas que poseemos She has got a house (ella tiene una casa)Hablar de la familia We have got a sister (nosotros tenemos una hermana)Describir rasgos físicos .I have got brown eyes (yo tengo los ojos marrones)Expresar el malestar físico .I have got a headache (tengo dolor de cabeza)Para hablar de comidas, vacaciones y la higiene You have a shower (tú te duchas) He has breakfast at seven o´clock (el desayuna a las 7)

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Tablas de Conjugación del verbo en inglés: bring

Infinitive: to bring . Present: bring .  Past Simple: brought. Past Participle: brought.  Gerund: bringing.  Meaning: traer

Present Simple ( do-does , y añade –s o -es al verbo Present Simple Continuous to be + -ing en las 3ª pers. Singular.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I bring. Do I bring? I do not bring.

You bring. Do you bring? You do not bring.

He/She/It brings.

Does he/she/it bring?

He/She/It does not bring.

We bring. Do we bring? We do not bring.

You bring. Do you bring? You do not bring.

They bring. Do they bring? They do not bring.

Present Perfect Se compone del verbo Haber : Have – has ( 3ªpers.sing ) + la forma del verbo en participio ( Termina en –ed , o en los verbos irregulares sería la forma verbal de la 3ª columna. Present Perfect Continuous Verbo have –has + been + verbo en gerundio –ing

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I am bringing. Am I bringing? I am not bringing.

You are bringing. Are you bringing? You are not bringing.

He/She/It is bringing.

Is he/she/it bringing? He/She/It is not bringing.

We are bringing. Are we bringing? We are not bringing.

You are bringing. Are you bringing? You are not bringing.

They are bringing. Are they bringing? They are not bringing.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I have brought. ( He traído) Have I brought? I have not brought.

You have brought. (has traído) Have you brought? You have not brought.

He/She/It has brought. ( ha traído) Has he/she/it brought?He/She/It has not brought.

We have brought. Have we brought? We have not brought.

You have brought. Have you brought? You have not brought.

They have brought. Have they brought? They have not brought.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I have been bringing. (He estado trayendo)

Have I been bringing? I have not been bringing.

You have been bringing. Have you been bringing? You have not been bringing.

He/She/It has been bringing. Has he/she/it been bringing? He/She/It has not been bringing.

We have been bringing. Have we been bringing? We have not been bringing.

You have been bringing. Have you been bringing? You have not been bringing.

They have been bringing. Have they been bringing? They have not been bringing.

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Past Simple Pasado del presente simple : El auxiliar es did para todas las presonas. Past Continuous Es el pasado del presente continuo. Verbo to be en pasado : was- were + verboEl pasado de un verbo se hace con la terminación –ed ( verbos regulares ) , en gerundio –ing. o la 3ªcolumna verbos irregulares.

Past Perfect Es el pasado del presente perfecto. Had ( forma pasada de have) + participio Past Perfect Continuous. Pasado del presente perfecto continuo: Se forma con had been + verbo en (verbo terminado en –ed , o los irregulares la 3ªcolumna ) gerundio –ing.

Future Simple Se forma con will para todas las personas + el verbo en infinitivo sin to. Future Perfect : Se forma con will+ presente perfecto Conditional : Se forma con el pasado de will : would + infinitivo sin to. Conditional Perfect : Se forma con would + have+participio (-ed , los verbos regulares,3ªcolumna

los irregulares).

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I was bringing. Was I bringing? I was not bringing.

You were bringing. Were you bringing? You were not bringing.

He/She/It was bringing. Was he/she/it bringing? He/She/It was not bringing.

We were bringing. Were we bringing? We were not bringing.

You were bringing. Were you bringing? You were not bringing.

They were bringing. Were they bringing? They were not bringing.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I brought. Did I bring? I did not bring.

You brought. Did you bring? You did not bring.

He/She/It brought. Did he/she/it bring? He/She/It did not bring.

We brought. Did we bring? We did not bring.

You brought. Did you bring? You did not bring.

They brought. Did they bring? They did not bring.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I had brought. ( Había traído) Had I brought? I had not brought.

You had brought. Had you brought? You had not brought.

He/She/It had brought. Had he/she/it brought? He/She/It had not brought.

We had brought. Had we brought? We had not brought.

You had brought. Had you brought? You had not brought.

They had brought. Had they brought? They had not brought.

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I had been bringing.(había estado trayendo) Had I been bringing? I had not been bringing.

You had been bringing. Had you been bringing? You had not been bringing.

He/She/It had been bringing. Had he/she/it been bringing?

He/She/It had not been bringing.

We had been bringing. Had we been bringing? We had not been bringing.

You had been bringing. Had you been bringing? You had not been bringing.

They had been bringing. Had they been bringing? They had not been bringing.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I will bring.(Traeré) Will I bring? I will not bring.

You will bring. Will you bring? You will not bring.

He/She/It will bring. Will he/she/it bring? He/She/It will not bring.

We will bring. Will we bring? We will not bring.

You will bring. Will you bring? You will not bring.

They will bring. Will they bring? They will not bring.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I will have brought. Will I have brought? I will not have brought.

You will have brought. Will you have brought? You will not have brought.

He/She/It will have brought. Will he/she/it have brought?

He/She/It will not have brought.

We will have brought. Will we have brought? We will not have brought.

You will have brought. Will you have brought? You will not have brought.

They will have brought. Will they have brought? They will not have brought.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I would bring.(Traería) Would I bring? I would not bring.

You would bring. Would you bring? You would not bring.

He/She/It would bring. Would he/she/it bring? He/She/It would not bring.

We would bring. Would we bring? We would not bring.

You would bring. Would you bring? You would not bring.

They would bring. Would they bring? They would not bring.

Affirmative    Interrogative    Negative   

I would have brought. Would I have brought? I would not have brought.

You would have brought. Would you have brought? You would not have brought.

He/She/It would have brought. Would he/she/it have brought?

He/She/It would not have brought.

We would have brought. Would we have brought? We would not have brought.

You would have brought. Would you have brought? You would not have brought.

They would have brought. Would they have brought? They would not have brought.

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Shape - Forma Size/Measure -Tamaño/Medida Age/Time -Edad/Tiempo Weather - Tiempo (clima) Temperature - Temperatura square - cuadradoround - redondorectangular - rectangulartriangular - triangularoval - ovalconical - cónicospherical - esféricocubical - cúbico straight -rectocylindrical - cilíndrico

curved) - curvocrooked) - torcidobroad - anchonarrow -angostoflat - planosteep - empinadohollow - huecosolid- sólido

big - grandelarge - grandehuge - enormesmall - pequeñotiny - diminutoheavy - pesadolight - livianothick - gruesothin - delgadowide - ancho

high - elevadolow - bajotall - altoshort - corto, bajolong - largomedium - medionarrow - angostodeep - profundoshallow - playobroad - ancho

old - viejoyoung - jovennew - nuevomodern - modernoancient - antiguoold fashioned - anticuadoupdated -actualizadooutdated-desactualizado

quick - rápidoslow - lentosenior - mayorjunior - más jovencurrent - actualpast - pasadofuture - futuro fast - rápido

rainy - lluviosostormy - tormentososunny - soleadowindy - ventososnowy - con nievedamp - húmedodry - seco

foggy - con nieblaovercast - nubladocloudy - nubosoclear - despejadomild - templadochilly - frío icy - con hielo

freezing - heladochilly - fríocold - fríocool - frescolukewarm - tibioboiling - hirviendomuggy - calurosohot - calurosowarm - cálidopleasant - agradable

Personality (positive) - Personalidad (positivo) Personality (negative) - Personalidad (negativo)

ambitious- ambiciosomodest - modestosensible - sensatofriendly - amistosopractical - práctico

tolerant - tolerantepatient - pacientehonest - honestooptimistic- optimistasincere - sincero

courageous - valienteintelligent - inteligentegenerous - generosohumorous - divertido

disciplined - disciplinadosympathetic - comprensivoconsiderate consideradoresponsible - responsable

dishonest - deshonestopessimistic- pesimistamiserly- avarocoward (- cobarde

lazy- haragángreedy - codiciosoresentful - resentidoenvious - envidiosojealous - celoso

possesive - posesivoconceited - engreídoarrogant - arrogantefussy - quisquillosoimpatient - impaciente

gullible - ingenuostubborn - tercocareless - negligenteselfish - egoísta